Topic 3- Green crime and state crime

Question 1

Green crime or environmental crime definition

Answer 1

“Any action that harms the physical environment and any creatures that live within it, even if no law has technically been broken”

Question 2

What are White’s 2 main views of Green crime

Answer 2

1.Eco-centric: Damage to the environment is damage to the other species as well
2.Anthropocentric: Humans have the right to exploit the environment and other species for their own benefit

Question 3

Ulrich Beck

Answer 3

That many environmental issues are manufactured rather than natural

Question 4

Traditional criminology

Answer 4

National and international laws and regulations on the environment

Question 5

Green criminology

Answer 5

State- notion of harm rather than criminal law being broken
Form of transgressive criminology

Question 6

Types of green crime

Answer 6

Nigel South et al- classification of green crimes into two distinct types, primary and secondary

Question 7

Primary green crimes

Answer 7

Are those crimes which constitute harm inflicted on the environment

Question 8

4 main categories of primary green crimes

Answer 8

-Crimes of air pollution
-Crimes of deforestation
-Crimes of species decline and animal rights
-Crimes of water pollution

Question 9

Secondary green crimes

Answer 9

Symbiotic green crime is crime that grows out of the flouting of rules that seek to regulate environmental disasters

Question 10

South’s 2 examples of secondary green crimes

Answer 10

-State violence against oppositional groups
-Hazardous waste and organised crime

Question 11

Stats about illegal dumping’s

Answer 11

UK plastics sent for recycling in Turkey, which is then dumped and burned- 2021

Question 12

South

Answer 12

Poorer groups are worse affected by pollution

Question 13

Problems researching green crime

Answer 13

-Different laws: Official stats may not be comparable
-Different definitions
-Difficult to measure
-The use of case studies

Question 14

Evaluation of green crime

Answer 14

Strengths
-Focus on global environmental concerns
-Recognises that the growing importance of environmental issues

Limits
-Its hard to define the boundaries of its field of study
-Focusses on the much broader concept of harms rather than legally defined crimes

Question 15

State crime

Answer 15

Illegal or deviant activities perpetrated by, or with the complicity of state agencies

Question 16

Who defines state crime

Answer 16

Green and Ward

Question 17

McLaughlin (2001) 4 categories of state crime

Answer 17

1.Political crimes
2.Crimes by security and police forces
3.Economic crimes
4.Social and cultural crimes

Question 18

Criticisms of modernity theory

Answer 18

-Not all genocides occur through highly organised divisions of labour
-Ideological factors are also important

Question 19

Matza- 5 neutralization techniques that delinquents use to justify their deviant behaviour

Answer 19

1.Denial of victim
2.Denial of injury
3.Denial of responsibility
4.Condemning the condemners
5.Appeal to a higher loyalty