Topic 2- Gender patterns, Crimes of the powerful and corporate crime

Question 1

Heidensohn and Silverstri

Answer 1

Gender difference is the most important feature of reported crime

Question 2

How much of the prison population do women make up

Answer 2

1 in 20

Question 3

Chivalry thesis

Answer 3

Most criminal agents are socialised to act chivalrously towards women

Question 4

Pollak

Answer 4

Men are protective towards women

Question 5

Bias against women

Answer 5

-In 2014 women only made up 25% of judges
-Heidensohn argues that the courts treat females more harshly

Question 6

Sandra Walklate

Answer 6

Argues that in rape cases it is not

Question 7

Judge Wild

Answer 7

“Women who say no don’t always mean no”

Question 8

Explaining female crime

Answer 8

-Functionalist sex role theory
-Patriarchal control theory
-Class and gender deals
-Liberation thesis

Question 9

Steffensmelier and Schwartz

Answer 9

While female arrests for violence grew from 1/5 to 1/3, 1980-2003

Question 10

Sharpe

Answer 10

Showed that professionals such as judges, police and probation officers were influenced by media stereotypes of ‘laddetes’

Question 11

What percentage of males are most likely to be killed by a friend or acquaintance

Answer 11

70%

Question 12

Why do men commit crime

Answer 12

James Messerschmidt- Masculinity is a social construct
Men have to constantly work at presenting it to others

Question 13

Criticisms of Messerschmidt

Answer 13

-Is masculinity an explanation of male crime or just a description of male offenders
-Doesn’t explain why all men don’t use crime
-He overlooks the concept of masculinity to explain virtually all male crimes

Question 14

Winlows study

Answer 14

Study of bouncers in Sunderland- An area of deindustrialisation and unemployment

Question 15

White collar crime

Answer 15

Edwin Sutherland
-“A crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation”

Question 16

Occupational crime

Answer 16

By employees for personal gain

Question 17

Corporate crime

Answer 17

Committed by employees for their organisation

Question 18

Pearce and Tombs

Answer 18

“Any illegal act of omission that is the result of deliberate decisions”

Question 19

Types of corporate crime

Answer 19

-Financial crime
-Crimes against consumers
-Crimes against employees
-Crimes against the environment
-State corporate crime

Question 20

Reasons for The invisibility of corporate crime

Answer 20

1.Limited media coverage
2.Lack of political will
3.The crimes are complex
4.Lack of awareness
5.De-labelling

Question 21

Evaluation of white collar crime and corporate crime

Answer 21

Strengths
-Contributes to an understanding of social constriction of crime stats

Limits
-Doesn’t explain why not all organisations turn to crime to resolve their problems

Question 22

Explanations of corporate crime

Answer 22

-Strain theory
-Control theory
-Labelling theory
-Marxist explanations

Question 23

Evaluation of explanations of corporate crime

Answer 23

-Strain theory and Marxism seem to over-predict the amount of corporate crime
-Capitalist pursuit of profit doesn’t explain crime in a non-profit making state