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Biology > Topic 3 - Exchange of Substances > Flashcards

Topic 3 - Exchange of Substances Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Alveoli

A

Small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of bronchioles which provide a large surface area for gas exchange.

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2
Q

Amylases

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides.

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3
Q

Antiporter

A

A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in opposite directions.

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4
Q

Aorta

A

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure.

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5
Q

Arteriole

A

A smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries.

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6
Q

Artery

A

A type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

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7
Q

Atrium

A

A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood directly from a vein and passes it on to a ventricle.

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8
Q

Bile Salts

A

Molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids, increasing the lipid surface area for breakdown.

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9
Q

Bronchi

A

The two airways branching out from the trachea and lead to the smaller bronchioles.

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10
Q

Bronchioles

A

Small airways which branch out from the bronchi and end at the alveoli.

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11
Q

Capillary

A

A very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues.

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12
Q

Capillary Bed

A

A network of many different capillaries that supply the tissues with blood.

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13
Q

Coronary Artery

A

The main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood.

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14
Q

Co-Transport

A

A type of membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane.

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15
Q

Diaphragm

A

A large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to reduce and increase the lung capacity to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation.

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16
Q

Endopeptidase

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds within polypeptides.

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17
Q

Exopeptidases

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds at the end of proteins (e.g. between the penultimate and last amino acid in the polypeptide).

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18
Q

External Intercostal Muscle

A

A set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that
are involved in forced and quiet inhalation.

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19
Q

Gill Filaments

A

Small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch.

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20
Q

Gill Lamellae

A

Small protrusions on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area available for gas exchange.

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21
Q

Haemoglobin

A

A protein found in red blood cells that has a quaternary structure and is specialised to carry oxygen to the tissues.

22
Q

Internal Intercostal Muscle

A

A set of muscles found between the ribs on the inside that
are involved in forced exhalation.

23
Q

Left Atrium

A

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle.

24
Q

Left Ventricle

A

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the rest of the body.

25
Q

Lipase

A

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze lipids.

26
Q

Membrane-bound dipeptidases

A

A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze dipeptides into singular amino acids.

27
Q

Membrane-bound disacharidases

A

A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides.

28
Q

Micelles

A

An organised group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids.

29
Q

Phloem

A

A type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed.

30
Q

Positive Coorperativity

A

Conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to
haemoglobin that increase the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen.

31
Q

Pulmonary Artery

A

The main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation.

32
Q

Pulmonary Vein

A

The main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart.

33
Q

Renal Artery

A

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart.

34
Q

Renal Vein

A

The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart.

35
Q

Right Atrium

A

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle.

36
Q

Right Ventricle

A

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation.

37
Q

Spiracles

A

Small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases with their environment.

38
Q

Spongy Mesophyll

A

A type of loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in
plant leaves which is specialised for gas exchange.

39
Q

Stomata

A

Small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange.

40
Q

Symporter

A

A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction.

41
Q

The Bohr Effect

A

A decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in areas with a high carbon dioxide concentration.

42
Q

Tissue Fluid

A

Fluid filtered out from the blood that bathes tissues and provides the cells with substances like food and dissolved gases for exchange.

43
Q

Trachea

A

The main airway that acts as a passage for air to pass to and from the bronchi.

44
Q

Trachea (mammals)

A

A tube reinforced with cartilage that allows for the movement of air
between the larynx and bronchi.

45
Q

Tracheae (insects)

A

Tubes leading from the spiracles to the tracheoles that are part of the
gaseous exchange system.

46
Q

Tracheoles

A

Very small tubes that make up the respiratory system of insects and carry gases from the tracheae to the cells.

47
Q

Vein

A

A type of blood vessel that carries blood into the heart from other parts of the body.

48
Q

Vena Cava

A

The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart.

49
Q

Ventricle

A

A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood from the atrium above it and pumps it out of the heart.

50
Q

Venule

A

A smaller type of blood vessel that connects capillaries with veins.

51
Q

Xerophyte

A

A type of plant that is adapted to survive in places with very little water.

52
Q

Xylem

A

The tissue that transports water in the stem and leaves of plants.

Biology (31 decks)

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