Topic 3 - Exchange of Substances

Question 1

Alveoli

Answer 1

Small air sacs found in the lungs at the end of bronchioles which provide a large surface area for gas exchange.

Question 2

Amylases

Answer 2

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze polysaccharides.

Question 3

Antiporter

Answer 3

A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in opposite directions.

Question 4

Aorta

Answer 4

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood away from the heart at high pressure.

Question 5

Arteriole

Answer 5

A smaller type of blood vessel that connects arteries with capillaries.

Question 6

Artery

Answer 6

A type of blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

Question 7

Atrium

Answer 7

A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood directly from a vein and passes it on to a ventricle.

Question 8

Bile Salts

Answer 8

Molecules found in the small intestine that assist in the coagulation of lipids, increasing the lipid surface area for breakdown.

Question 9

Bronchi

Answer 9

The two airways branching out from the trachea and lead to the smaller bronchioles.

Question 10

Bronchioles

Answer 10

Small airways which branch out from the bronchi and end at the alveoli.

Question 11

Capillary

Answer 11

A very small blood vessel with thin walls and a small diameter used for substance exchange in tissues.

Question 12

Capillary Bed

Answer 12

A network of many different capillaries that supply the tissues with blood.

Question 13

Coronary Artery

Answer 13

The main artery that supplies the heart tissue with blood.

Question 14

Co-Transport

Answer 14

A type of membrane transport mechanism involving two different molecules moving across a cell membrane.

Question 15

Diaphragm

Answer 15

A large sheet of muscle below the lungs used to reduce and increase the lung capacity to create pressure changes necessary for ventilation.

Question 16

Endopeptidase

Answer 16

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds within polypeptides.

Question 17

Exopeptidases

Answer 17

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze peptide bonds at the end of proteins (e.g. between the penultimate and last amino acid in the polypeptide).

Question 18

External Intercostal Muscle

Answer 18

A set of muscles found between the ribs on the outside that
are involved in forced and quiet inhalation.

Question 19

Gill Filaments

Answer 19

Small divisions of the gills in fish that extend off the gill arch.

Question 20

Gill Lamellae

Answer 20

Small protrusions on the gill filaments designed to increase the surface area available for gas exchange.

Question 21

Haemoglobin

Answer 21

A protein found in red blood cells that has a quaternary structure and is specialised to carry oxygen to the tissues.

Question 22

Internal Intercostal Muscle

Answer 22

A set of muscles found between the ribs on the inside that
are involved in forced exhalation.

Question 23

Left Atrium

Answer 23

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein and passes it on to the left ventricle.

Question 24

Left Ventricle

Answer 24

The chamber in the heart that receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the rest of the body.

Question 25

Lipase

Answer 25

A class of enzymes that hydrolyze lipids.

Question 26

Membrane-bound dipeptidases

Answer 26

A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze dipeptides into singular amino acids.

Question 27

Membrane-bound disacharidases

Answer 27

A class of enzymes found within membranes that hydrolyze disaccharides into monosaccharides.

Question 28

Micelles

Answer 28

An organised group of lipid molecules that aggregate together to provide a hydrophobic capsule for the uptake of lipids.

Question 29

Phloem

Answer 29

A type of tissue found in plants used to transport organic substances from where they are made to where they are needed.

Question 30

Positive Coorperativity

Answer 30

Conformational changes caused by the binding of oxygen to haemoglobin that increase the ability of haemoglobin to bind more oxygen.

Question 31

Pulmonary Artery

Answer 31

The main artery that carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation.

Question 32

Pulmonary Vein

Answer 32

The main vein that carries oxygenated blood away from the lungs and back to the heart.

Question 33

Renal Artery

Answer 33

The main artery that carries oxygenated blood to the kidneys from the heart.

Question 34

Renal Vein

Answer 34

The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood away from the kidneys back to the heart.

Question 35

Right Atrium

Answer 35

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood directly from the vena cava and passes it on to the right ventricle.

Question 36

Right Ventricle

Answer 36

The chamber in the heart that receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium and pumps it out of the heart to the lungs for reoxygenation.

Question 37

Spiracles

Answer 37

Small openings on the surface of insects that allow for the exchange of gases with their environment.

Question 38

Spongy Mesophyll

Answer 38

A type of loosely packed mesophyll tissue with air pockets found in plant leaves which is specialised for gas exchange.

Question 39

Stomata

Answer 39

Small holes found on leaves that can be opened or closed by guard cells to control the amount of water loss and gas exchange.

Question 40

Symporter

Answer 40

A membrane protein involved in the cotransport of molecules in the same direction.

Question 41

The Bohr Effect

Answer 41

A decrease in the affinity of haemoglobin for oxygen in areas with a high carbon dioxide concentration.

Question 42

Tissue Fluid

Answer 42

Fluid filtered out from the blood that bathes tissues and provides the cells with substances like food and dissolved gases for exchange.

Question 43

Trachea

Answer 43

The main airway that acts as a passage for air to pass to and from the bronchi.

Question 44

Trachea (mammals)

Answer 44

A tube reinforced with cartilage that allows for the movement of air between the larynx and bronchi.

Question 45

Tracheae (insects)

Answer 45

Tubes leading from the spiracles to the tracheoles that are part of the gaseous exchange system.

Question 46

Tracheoles

Answer 46

Very small tubes that make up the respiratory system of insects and carry gases from the tracheae to the cells.

Question 47

Vein

Answer 47

A type of blood vessel that carries blood into the heart from other parts of the body.

Question 48

Vena Cava

Answer 48

The main vein that carries deoxygenated blood into the right atrium of the heart.

Question 49

Ventricle

Answer 49

A type of chamber in the heart which receives blood from the atrium above it and pumps it out of the heart.

Question 50

Venule

Answer 50

A smaller type of blood vessel that connects capillaries with veins.

Question 51

Xerophyte

Answer 51

A type of plant that is adapted to survive in places with very little water.

Question 52

Xylem

Answer 52

The tissue that transports water in the stem and leaves of plants.