TOPIC 3 - civil rights 1939 - 1968 Flashcards by Olivia Rapley-Smith

Black Americans had to serve in ….

Segregated units

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By 1945 there were …. black Americans in the US army and …. Of officers

750000
Hundreds

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Black soldiers were not allowed into …..

Combat in the Marines

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The US airforce would not accept ….

Black pilots

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Black nurses could only treat …..

Black soldiers

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If a black soldier was injured only …. Could be used to treat them

Blood from black soldiers

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Black soldiers were given …. Or were made to do the ….

Menial tasks
Most dangerous jobs

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The US supreme commander (……) supported the integration of combat units
By 1944 there were …… in the army and marines

Eisenhower
Hundreds of black officers

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By 1945, there were …. Black pilots

600

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… black sailors had risen to the rank of ….

58
Officer

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By 1955, the army had changed from the most segregated to the ……

Most integrated

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Double V campaign started at home to gain …… as well as …..

Improved civil rights
Victory in war

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….. issued an executive order which stopped discrimination in …..

Roosevelt
Industrial and government jobs

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Amount of black Americans in government jobs ….. by the end of the war

Trebled to 200,000

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Racial tension still existed and led to ….. in …. cities

Race riots
47

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In Detroit race riot in ….., … black and ….. white people were killed with …. injuries

1943
25
9
700+

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Many us states had …. Schools

Segregated

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South Carolina spent …. On white schools than black schools

Treble the amount of

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Landmark Supreme Court case about racism in education: …..

Brown v. Topeka

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….. for the NAACP represented Linda Brown

Thurgood Marshall

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In Brown V Topeka, Marshall argued that …..

Educational achievement was restricted and self esteem damaged by the separate but equal ‘Jim Crow’ laws

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In ….. it was ruled that segregation in education was …..

1954
Unconstitutional

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Despite the segregation in education is unconstitutional ruling, ….. black children were still educated in Jim Crow Schools in 1957

2.4 million

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President Eisenhower did little to encourage integration until …. In ……

He was forced to by events at Little Rock, Arkansas
1957

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Little Rock State governor (…..) ordered national guardsmen to …..

Faubus Block the entry of Elizabeth Eckford and 8 other students

The …. Of the vicious white crowd ….

Media coverage Embarrassed a nation that championed freedom and equality

After Eisenhower sent ….. federal troops to Little Rock, Faubus ….. to ….. until ….

1000 Closed all Arkansas schools Prevent integration 1959

In ….., JFK sent …. Federal marshals to escort James Meredith into university

1962 320

After riots, JFK sent a further 2000 troops to ….

Restore order

In …. Rosa Parks was arrested for ….

December 1955 Refusing to give up her seat on a bus

….. decided to hold a one day boycott, they printed thousands of leaflets to …….

Jo Ann Robinson Encourage people to boycott the city buses

….. and ….. got involved in bus boycotts and the ….. was formed

MLK Ralph Abernathy Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)

MLK declared that ….. but they would use …. To persuade people to follow their cause

African-Americans were tired of being humiliated and oppressed in their own country Peaceful means

Rosa Parks was …. for her offence so the MIA decided to …..

Fined Continue the boycott

The boycotteurs were intimidated by the ……

Montgomery White Citizens Council

MLK’s home was …. He and Parks were …… for ……

Firebombed Arrested Organising an illegal boycott

In ….. the SC ruled that segregation was unconstitutional

December 1956

During sit-in protests, students endured ….. but …..

Violence and assaults Didn’t retaliate

The peaceful approach, like the boycott, put ….. and was ….

Pressure on the local economy Successful

Freedom Riders led by the group ….. tested whether …..

CORE integration was really happening

In Anniston Alabama, a bus was ….. In Montgomery, riders were ….. In Jackson around ….. were jailed

Attacked and burnt Beaten up 100 riders

MLK was ….. and able to … those who worked with him

Enthusiastic, energetic Inspire

MLK led the … and the …. He was voted …… He won the ……

MIA SCLC TIME’s Man of the Year Nobel Peace Prize

King targeted ….. as it had a large black American population and a notoriously racist …… called …..

Birmingham, Alabama Chief of police Bull Connor

King was arrested, he wrote his …… highlighting how ……

‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’ Slow progress was in the USA towards civil rights

….. joined the demonstrations to test ….. ….. and powerful …. were used

Students and children The police reaction Dogs water hoses

…. Demonstrators and …. Children arrested

2000 1300

Violence from police towards peaceful demonstrators gained …..

Massive publicity

JFK got involved and it was agreed that …. Would take place within … days

Desegregation 90

The March on Washington in …. …. Demonstrators came from all over the USA King delivered his …… speech + it was …

August 1963 250,000 ‘I have a dream’ Televised across the USA

Kings speech at the ….. put pressure on JFK to pass his ….

March on Washington Civil Rights Bill

In 1963, the Civil Rights campaign suffered two major setbacks …. Black girls were killed in a …. attending Sunday school Assassination of …..

4 Bomb attack JFK

…. Passed the civil rights act in ….

Johnson 1964

MLK targeted …. To highlight barriers to …..

Selma Black voter registration

….the sheriff of Selma had a similar reputation to ….

Jim Clark Bull Connor

Attempts to register black voters were …. Kind and his followers were…. , one was ….

Rejected Beaten and arrested Murdered

MLK organised a march in ….

March 1965

Marchers were attacked by … who used … and mounted police with …. = ……

Clark’s men Tear gas Clubs Bloody Sunday

Johnson intervened and agreed to …..

Put a bill through for black voting rights

…. marched from Montgomery to Selma - was the … that had ever happened in the south

25,000 Biggest event

With the 1964 Civil Rights Act, Segregation in ….. was banned

Hotels, motels, restaurants, lunch counters + theatres

Responsibility of …. to bring cases to court to tackle discrimination

Federal government

…. Were given equal rights

Black students

In 1964 Civil Rights Act The …. Was set up

Equal employment opportunity commission

Voting rights act of ….

1965

Voting rights act ended ….

Literacy tests

Voting rights act meant federal gov. monitored …..

Voting registration levels

Fair housing act of ….

1968

Fair housing act outlawed ….

Discrimination in housing based on race, gender etc

Many believed that …. was too slow Malcolm X referred to March on Washington as a ….

progress towards civil rights Farce

Malcolm x believed that violence was …. “….”

Justified in self defence “By any means necessary”

Malcolm x set up ….. for black youths in ….

Educational and social programmes Ghettos

Malcolm x wanted to …..

Reconnect black Americans with their African heritage

Malcolm x originally believed in …. But following a pilgrimage to Mecca, ….

Separatism His political and religious views changed

MLK didn’t appeal to ….. - many riots occurred

Young black Americans in ghettos

Watts Riot in LA … dead, ….injured, ….. arrested and …. of damage

34 1000+ 4000 $40m+

…. Was chairman of the SNCC - inspired by ….

Stokely Carmichael Malcolm X

Carmichael encouraged blacks to …… and …..

Take responsibility for their own lives Reject white help

Carmichael slogan:

“Black is beautiful”

Black power movement gained publicity from the …… in …. when ….. and ….. gave the salute during their medal ceremony

Mexico Olympics 1968 Tommie Smith John Carlos

…. And …. Formed the Black Panthers

Huey Newton Bobby seale

10 point programme: established …., provided…. and gave guidance on …..

Free breakfast programme Clothing centres Drugs rehab