TOPIC 3 - civil rights 1939 - 1968 Flashcards
Black Americans had to serve in ….
Segregated units
By 1945 there were …. black Americans in the US army and …. Of officers
750000
Hundreds
Black soldiers were not allowed into …..
Combat in the Marines
The US airforce would not accept ….
Black pilots
Black nurses could only treat …..
Black soldiers
If a black soldier was injured only …. Could be used to treat them
Blood from black soldiers
Black soldiers were given …. Or were made to do the ….
Menial tasks
Most dangerous jobs
The US supreme commander (……) supported the integration of combat units
By 1944 there were …… in the army and marines
Eisenhower
Hundreds of black officers
By 1945, there were …. Black pilots
600
… black sailors had risen to the rank of ….
58
Officer
By 1955, the army had changed from the most segregated to the ……
Most integrated
Double V campaign started at home to gain …… as well as …..
Improved civil rights
Victory in war
….. issued an executive order which stopped discrimination in …..
Roosevelt
Industrial and government jobs
Amount of black Americans in government jobs ….. by the end of the war
Trebled to 200,000
Racial tension still existed and led to ….. in …. cities
Race riots
47
In Detroit race riot in ….., … black and ….. white people were killed with …. injuries
1943
25
9
700+
Many us states had …. Schools
Segregated
South Carolina spent …. On white schools than black schools
Treble the amount of
Landmark Supreme Court case about racism in education: …..
Brown v. Topeka
….. for the NAACP represented Linda Brown
Thurgood Marshall
In Brown V Topeka, Marshall argued that …..
Educational achievement was restricted and self esteem damaged by the separate but equal ‘Jim Crow’ laws
In ….. it was ruled that segregation in education was …..
1954
Unconstitutional
Despite the segregation in education is unconstitutional ruling, ….. black children were still educated in Jim Crow Schools in 1957
2.4 million
President Eisenhower did little to encourage integration until …. In ……
He was forced to by events at Little Rock, Arkansas
1957
Little Rock
State governor (…..) ordered national guardsmen to …..
Faubus
Block the entry of Elizabeth Eckford and 8 other students
The …. Of the vicious white crowd ….
Media coverage
Embarrassed a nation that championed freedom and equality
After Eisenhower sent ….. federal troops to Little Rock, Faubus ….. to ….. until ….
1000
Closed all Arkansas schools
Prevent integration
1959
In ….., JFK sent …. Federal marshals to escort James Meredith into university
1962
320
After riots, JFK sent a further 2000 troops to ….
Restore order
In …. Rosa Parks was arrested for ….
December 1955
Refusing to give up her seat on a bus
….. decided to hold a one day boycott, they printed thousands of leaflets to …….
Jo Ann Robinson
Encourage people to boycott the city buses
….. and ….. got involved in bus boycotts and the ….. was formed
MLK
Ralph Abernathy
Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA)
MLK declared that ….. but they would use …. To persuade people to follow their cause
African-Americans were tired of being humiliated and oppressed in their own country
Peaceful means
Rosa Parks was …. for her offence so the MIA decided to …..
Fined
Continue the boycott
The boycotteurs were intimidated by the ……
Montgomery White Citizens Council
MLK’s home was ….
He and Parks were …… for ……
Firebombed
Arrested
Organising an illegal boycott
In ….. the SC ruled that segregation was unconstitutional
December 1956
During sit-in protests, students endured ….. but …..
Violence and assaults
Didn’t retaliate
The peaceful approach, like the boycott, put ….. and was ….
Pressure on the local economy
Successful
Freedom Riders led by the group ….. tested whether …..
CORE
integration was really happening
In Anniston Alabama, a bus was …..
In Montgomery, riders were …..
In Jackson around ….. were jailed
Attacked and burnt
Beaten up
100 riders
MLK was ….. and able to … those who worked with him
Enthusiastic, energetic
Inspire
MLK led the … and the ….
He was voted ……
He won the ……
MIA
SCLC
TIME’s Man of the Year
Nobel Peace Prize
King targeted ….. as it had a large black American population and a notoriously racist …… called …..
Birmingham, Alabama
Chief of police
Bull Connor
King was arrested, he wrote his …… highlighting how ……
‘Letter from Birmingham Jail’
Slow progress was in the USA towards civil rights
….. joined the demonstrations to test …..
….. and powerful …. were used
Students and children
The police reaction
Dogs
water hoses
…. Demonstrators and …. Children arrested
2000
1300
Violence from police towards peaceful demonstrators gained …..
Massive publicity
JFK got involved and it was agreed that …. Would take place within … days
Desegregation
90
The March on Washington in ….
…. Demonstrators came from all over the USA
King delivered his …… speech + it was …
August 1963
250,000
‘I have a dream’
Televised across the USA
Kings speech at the ….. put pressure on JFK to pass his ….
March on Washington
Civil Rights Bill
In 1963, the Civil Rights campaign suffered two major setbacks
…. Black girls were killed in a …. attending Sunday school
Assassination of …..
4
Bomb attack
JFK
…. Passed the civil rights act in ….
Johnson
1964
MLK targeted …. To highlight barriers to …..
Selma
Black voter registration
….the sheriff of Selma had a similar reputation to ….
Jim Clark
Bull Connor
Attempts to register black voters were ….
Kind and his followers were…. , one was ….
Rejected
Beaten and arrested
Murdered
MLK organised a march in ….
March 1965
Marchers were attacked by … who used … and mounted police with …. = ……
Clark’s men
Tear gas
Clubs
Bloody Sunday
Johnson intervened and agreed to …..
Put a bill through for black voting rights
…. marched from Montgomery to Selma - was the … that had ever happened in the south
25,000
Biggest event
With the 1964 Civil Rights Act,
Segregation in ….. was banned
Hotels, motels, restaurants, lunch counters + theatres
Responsibility of …. to bring cases to court to tackle discrimination
Federal government
…. Were given equal rights
Black students
In 1964 Civil Rights Act
The …. Was set up
Equal employment opportunity commission
Voting rights act of ….
1965
Voting rights act ended ….
Literacy tests
Voting rights act meant federal gov. monitored …..
Voting registration levels
Fair housing act of ….
1968
Fair housing act outlawed ….
Discrimination in housing based on race, gender etc
Many believed that …. was too slow
Malcolm X referred to March on Washington as a ….
progress towards civil rights
Farce
Malcolm x believed that violence was ….
“….”
Justified in self defence
“By any means necessary”
Malcolm x set up ….. for black youths in ….
Educational and social programmes
Ghettos
Malcolm x wanted to …..
Reconnect black Americans with their African heritage
Malcolm x originally believed in …. But following a pilgrimage to Mecca, ….
Separatism
His political and religious views changed
MLK didn’t appeal to ….. - many riots occurred
Young black Americans in ghettos
Watts Riot in LA
… dead, ….injured, ….. arrested and …. of damage
34
1000+
4000
$40m+
…. Was chairman of the SNCC - inspired by ….
Stokely Carmichael
Malcolm X
Carmichael encouraged blacks to …… and …..
Take responsibility for their own lives
Reject white help
Carmichael slogan:
“Black is beautiful”
Black power movement gained publicity from the …… in …. when ….. and ….. gave the salute during their medal ceremony
Mexico Olympics
1968
Tommie Smith
John Carlos
…. And …. Formed the Black Panthers
Huey Newton
Bobby seale
10 point programme: established …., provided…. and gave guidance on …..
Free breakfast programme
Clothing centres
Drugs rehab
