Topic 3 - B : more exchange and transport systems

Question 1

Function of Pulmonary artery

Answer 1

heart to lungs

Question 2

Pulmonary vein

Answer 2

lungs to heart

Question 3

Aorta

Answer 3

heart to body

Question 4

Vena cava

Answer 4

body to heart

Question 5

Renal artery

Answer 5

body to kidneys

Question 6

Renal vein

Answer 6

kidneys to vena cava

Question 7

Function and structure of arteries

Answer 7

carry blood from heart to rest of body
thick elastic wall
small lumen
carry oxygenated blood apart from pulmonary artery which takes deoxygenated blood to lungs

Question 8

Function and structure of arterioles/capilery

Answer 8

branch from arteries
thin elastic wall
small lumen

Question 9

Function and structure of vein

Answer 9

take blood back to heart
contain valves to stop backflow
wide lumen meaning low pressure
thin wall
carry deoxygenated blood except for pulmonary veins which carry deoxygenated blood to heart from lungs

Question 10

Coronary arteries

Answer 10

blood to heart

Question 11

function of left ventricle

Answer 11

thick wall allowing it to contract more powerfully

Question 12

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 12

link atria to ventricles and stop blood backflow

Question 13

Semilunar valves

Answer 13

link ventricles to pulmonary artery and aorta and stop backflow

Question 14

cords

Answer 14

attach atrioventricular valves to the ventricles to stop them being forced up into the atria when ventricles contract

Question 15

Cardiac cycle - ventricle relax atria contract

Answer 15

atria contract pushing blood into the ventricle potentially changing the volume and pressure a little bit but not much

Question 16

Cardiac cycle - ventricle contract atria relax

Answer 16

atria relax
ventricle contract increasing pressure
Atrioventricular valve closes as pressure is higher in ventricle than atria
pressure in ventricle is higher than aorta and pulmonary artery which forces Semi lunar valve to open

Question 17

Cardiac cycle - Ventricles relax atria relax

Answer 17

both relax
higher pressure in pulmonary and aorta meaning semilunar valve closes
process then repeats

Question 18

what does the xylem transport

Answer 18

water and ions

Question 19

what does the phloem transport

Answer 19

sugars
amino acids

Question 20

cohesion tension theorey

Answer 20

transpiration - water evaporates through stomata at top of xylem
this creates tension, pulling more water to leaf
water molecules are cohesive so they stick together and when one is pulled into leaf, others are
this means all water in the xylem moves up
water then enters the stem through the roots

Question 21

define transpiration

Answer 21

evaporation of water through the leaves of a plant
water leaves through the stomata and down the water potential gradient

Question 22

How does light intensity affect transpiration

Answer 22

the lighter it is the faster the transpiration as stomata are open

Question 23

how does temperature affect transpiration

Answer 23

higher the temperature the faster the transpiration rate as warmer water molecules have more energy so they evaporate quicker

Question 24

How does humidity affect transpiration

Answer 24

the lower the humidity the faster the transpiration rate as if the air is dry there is a bigger water potential gradient

Question 25

How does the wind affect transpiration

Answer 25

windier it is the faster the transpiration rate as lots of air movement blows away water molecules from around the stomata increasing the water potential gradient

Question 26

how are most molecules broken down in digestion

Answer 26

hydrolysis reaction

Question 27

endopeptidase

Answer 27

hydrolyse peptide bonds within protein

Question 28

exopeptidase

Answer 28

hydrolyse peptide bonds at end of protein to release single amino acid

Question 29

how is glucose absorbed

Answer 29

active transport with sodium ions
co transporter (channel protein)

Question 30

how is galactose absorbed

Answer 30

active transport with sodium ions through co transporter (channel protein

Question 31

how is fructose absorbed

Answer 31

facilitated diffusion through carrier proteins

Question 32

how are fatty acids and monoglycerides absorbed

Answer 32

micelles diffuse directly across the epithelial cell membrane

Question 33

how are amino acids absorbed

Answer 33

similar way to glucose and galactose