Topic 3 Flashcards
glut max
prox attach - gluteal surface to posterior gluteal line, posterior iliac line, posterior sacrum, sacrotuberous ligament.
dist attach - iliotibial tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur.
actions - extension, ex rotation, AB and AD.
nerve supply - inferior gluteal nerve.
glut med
prox - gluteal surface of ilium between posterior and anterior gluteal lines
dist - greater trochanter
actions - AB, internal rotation
nerve supply - superior gluteal nerve
glut min
prox - gluteal surface of ilium between the anterior and inferior gluteal lines
dist - greater trochanter
actions - AB internal rotation
nerve supply - superior gluteal nerve
iliopsoas
prox - external surface of ilium between iliac crest, posterior gluteal line and anterior gluteal line.
dist - lesser trochanter
actions - flexion, ex rotation
nerve - lumbar spinal nerve L1-L3 of spinal nerve
psoas major
prox - bodies and adjacent transverse process
dist - lesser trochanter
action - flexion, ex rotation
nerve supply - direct branches of anterior rami off lumbar plexus
iliacus
prox - upper and posterior two thirds of iliac fossa
dist - lesser trochanter
actions - flexion, ex rotation
nerve supply - branches of femoral nerve L2-L3
tensor fascia latae
prox - anterior part of iliac crest and adjacent gluteal surface, anterior superior iliac spine.
dist - lateral condyle of the tibia via iliotibial band
actions - internal rotation, AB
nerve - superior gluteal nerve L5 to S1
piriformis
P
prox - anterior aspects of the 2nd to 4th sacral segments, sacrotuberous ligament
dist - medial side of greater trochanter of the femur
actions - ex rotation, AD of femur during flexion
nerve - superior gluteal nerve L5-S1
superior gemellius (pink)
G
prox - gluteal surface of ischial spine
dist - medial surface of greater trochanter via tendon of obturator internus
actions - ex rotation, AB
nerve supply - branches of sacral plexus
obturator internus (white)
O
prox - internal surface of obturator membrane
dist - medial surface of greater trochanter,
actions - Ex rotation of femur when extended, AB of flexed thigh.
nerve - obturator internus nerve
inferior gemellus
(pink)
G
prox - upper part of ischial tuberosity
dist - medial surface of greater trochanter via the tendon of obturator internus.
actions - ex rotation, AB
nerve - branch of sacral plexus
quadrate femoris
Q
prox - ischial tuberosity
dist - quadrate tubercle of the femur
actions - ex rotation
nerve - branch of sacral plexus
obturator externus
O
prox - outer surface of obturator membrane and adjacent bone
dist - trochanteric fossa
actions - ex rotation and AB when femur is flexed.
nerve - obturator nerve L3 to L4
gracilis
prox - anterior body of pubis, inferior ramus of the pubis
dist - medial surface of the upper part of the shaft of tibia.
actions - flexion, AD, internal rotation, internal rotation and knee joint flexion
nerve - branch of obturator femoris L2 to L4
pectineus
prox - superior ramus of the pubis
dist - pectineal line of femur
actions - flexion, AD, external rotation and internal rotation of knee joint.
nerve - femoral nerve L2-L3
adductor magnus
prox - ischiopubic ramus extending to the inferior part of ischial tuberosity
dist - pectineal line of femur
actions - flexion anteriorly, AD, extension
nerve - obturator nerve branch and sciatic nerve portion
adductor longus
prox - anterior aspect of the body of pubis (between crest and symphasis)
dist - middle two quarters of the medial lip of linea aspera.
action - AD
nerve - obturator nerve branch L2 to L4
adductor brevis
prox - anterolateral body of the pubis and inferior ramus of pubis
distal - proximal half medial lip of linear aspera
actions - AD, flexion and external rotation.
nerve - obturator nerve branch L2-L4
what are the types of skeletal muscle
Smooth
Non-striated
Involuntary
Cardiac
Striated
Involuntary
Skeletal
Striated
Voluntary
describe the microscopic structure of connective tissue
Fiber
Long cylindrical muscle cell
Multi-nucleated
Muscle fibre
Endomysium
Fascicle
Perimysium
Entire muscle
Epimysium
describe the sliding filament theory
Actin (thin) & myosin (thick) filaments slide over
one another to produce muscle shortening
describe the different types of attachments of skeletal muscle
Fleshy
Muscle fibres attach directly to bone with
small amount of connective tissue
Tendon
Muscle fibres attach to a cord of connective
tissue that then attaches to bone
Raphe
Muscle fibres attach to a sheet of connective
tissue that then attaches to bone
describe the effect of the orientation of muscle fibers on its final contracted length and the force it can exert.
Parallel muscles
Maximum shortening of muscle belly (up to ½ of muscle length)
Larger range of movement BUT with less force/power
Oblique muscles
Less shortening of muscle belly
Less range of movement but MORE force/power
describe the structure and function of tendon sheaths
An accessory structure
Similar to bursae at joints
Which very often are about reducing friction with a muscle tendon
Tendon sheath
Surround tendons as they pass through tunnels or over other structures
Contain synovial fluid to reduce friction
Common at distal ends of limbs
Allow efficient ‘action’ long distances from muscle belly & prevent tendons pulling
away from skeleton
what are the implications of a muscle that crosses two joints.
two joint muscles cannot work as one joint muscles
• implications for recruitment
• increased requirement for synergism
• implications for joint range testing
passive insufficiency • maximum passive length is insufficient to allow full range of movement at both joints simultaneously • active insufficiency • maximum length change insufficient to produce full range of movement at both joints simultaneously • when assessing – reassessing ROM and strength wherever two joint muscles are involved you must ensure that the joints concerned are in a standard position
