Topic 1 Flashcards
define anatomical position
standing, head erect, palms facing forward, eyes forward, feet together (shoulder width apart), toes forward
define superior and inferior
S - closer to the top
I - closer to the bottom
define anterior and posterior
A - front
P - backside
define medial and lateral
M - closer to the midline
L - further away from midline
define superficial and deep
S - closer to skin surface
D - away from skin surface (deeper)
define ipsilateral and contralateral
S - same side
C - opposite side
define cephalad and caudad
ceph - closer to head
caud - closer to tail bone/tail
define dorsal and plantar
D - top side of foot
P - underside of foot
define radial and ulnar
R - thumb side of arm
U - Pinky side of arm
what are the 4 type of bone cells
osteogenic cells
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast
what is an osteogenic
stem cell
what is an osteoblast
matrix-synthesising responsible for bone growth, they lay down the extracellular matrix surrounding themselves. they become trapped and then become an osteocyte.
(bone building cells = B)
what is an osteocyte
a mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix.
what is an osteoclast
a bone resorping (C=Chew), they chew/dissolve bone and then osteoblast follows behind and lays down the new ECM.
what are the two divisions of the skeletal system and what do they include
axial skeleton - skull, vertebra column, thorax and skull.
appendicular - bones of the limbs and limb girdles.
what is a girdle
a girdle is the point of attachment between a limb and the trunk.
list the functions of the skeleton
protection from external forces - skull protects the brain.
efficient performance of mechanical work - act as levers for movement.
withstand and recover from tensile and compressive forces.
production of red and white blood cells - hematopoiesis, occurs within marrow cavities.
mineral storage - act as reservoir for minerals (especially calcium)
what provides flexibility and rigidity for bones
organic - flexibility
inorganic - rigidity
what is compact and spongy bone mostly made up of
spongy - trabeculae
compact - osteons
what shape groups do you classify bones into
give an example of each
long - tibia short - talus flat - sternum irregular - vertebrae sesamoid - patella
describe the functions of bone markings
strengthen bone
provide passages through the bone
provide attachment sites
provide landmarks
promote bone to bone articulation
what are the 2 types of bone markings
projections and depressions
list and provide an example for each of the bone projections
trochanter - large, rough prominence on side of bone - trochanters on the femur.
tuberosity - large and rough prominence where muscle and connective tissue meet. - deltoid tuberosity
tubercle - small rounded rough bump. - on humerus
3 xT’s are for muscle attachment.
epicondyle - roughened area above a condyle - femural medial
ramus - bridge of bones -
raised crests, for muscle attachment: line - line - femur ridge - alveolar ridge spine crest - superior pelvic bone.
list and provide an example of all the depression bone markings
facet - small, flat, smooth area (for articulation) - on vertebra
fovea - small pit - head of the femur
socket in bone (larger than fovea) - trochea fossa
define joint
refers to the union between two or more bones.
how is a joint classified
structure (tissue type)
amount of movement available
what are the three types of joint structures
fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial
what are the 3 amounts of movement when classifying a joint
immobile
slightly mobile
freely mobile
explain fibrous joints
fibrous joints have fibrous material that joins the bone ends together (connected very tightly)
the amount of movement depends of the length of the fibers.
there are two types of fibrous joints
1. suture - found in skull, looks like a river, short fibers, little to no movement.
- syndesmosis - found elsewhere, longer fibers, slightly mobile.
explain cartilage joints
cartilaginous tissue joins the bone together, amount of movement depends of the cartilage type.
there are two types of cartilage joints
- Synchondrosis (primary) - found at epiphyseal plates where bone growth occurs, involves in the growth of the skeleton so there are only a few that stay with you in adulthood.
- found in long bones
- eventually completely ossify.
- immobile
- sternocostal joint - some mobility. - symphysis - a disc of fibrocartilage binds 2 bones together, found in the midline of the body, slightly mobile.
what is the purpose of cartilage joints
to provide stability rather than producing or facilitating movement because they range from immobile to slightly mobile.
explain synovial joints
- bone ends are shaped to fit together and covered with articular cartilage which allows bones to slide on one another.
- outside the joint fibrous capsule which units the bones and maintains joint cavity.
- inside the joint is the joint cavity (a space between bones) which contains synovial fluid (a lubricant) which assists in frictionless movement of bones - synovial membrane lines the synovial capsule and provides fluid.
- synovial joints have ligaments surrounding to stabillise.
how do you classify synovial joints
by the degrees of freedom (number of axes about which movement occurs) and shape
explain how you classify synovial joints by shape
Plane - flat
- e.g. tarsal bones in foot
- non-axial
hinge - projection fits into a slot
- e.g. hinge joint in elbow.
- Uni-axial
pivot - round process within a ring
- e.g. C1 and C2 on vertebrae
- Uni-axial
ellipsoid/condyloid - oval shaped projection fits in to oval shaped hollow
- e.g. condyloid - knee, ellipsoid - radius and carpal bones of wrist
- biaxial
saddle - one of convex and one concave
- e.g. joint between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone.
- multiaxial
ball and socket
- a ball that fits into a socket
- e.g. hip joint or shoulder joint.
- mulit-axial.
define uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial
Uni - one axes and one pair of movements
biaxial - two axes and two pairs
what are the axes for joint movements
anteroposterior - front to back
transverse - side to side
longitudinal - along length of the bone. (vertical)
what are the possible movements of movement axes
anteroposterior
- abduction and adduction
- lateral flexion
transverse axis
- flexion/extension
longitudinal
- rotation
what are the functions of ligaments
- act as mechanical constraints (they have a mechanical function)
they prevent undesired movement (under tension) and permit limited desired movement (not under tension) - sensory organs - provide sensory input to the brain about proprioception
define ligament
bands of fibrous tissue that occur at joints
how do you classify ligaments
- capsular - reinforce the joint capsule
- capsular ligament of the shoulder. - intracapsular - lie inside the joint capsule - anterior and posterior cruciate of the knee.
- extracapsular - lie outside the joint - patella ligament
define and list the functions of articular discs
they are pads of fibrocartilage that are situated between the articular surfaces of some synovial joints.
functions to:
- act as shock absorbers - because fibrocartilage is the one type of cartilage that can give some movement by deforming or absorbing forces.
- aid mechanical fit between articular surfaces.
- restrain movement
- assist lubrication
- permit different movements to occur in the joint.
define and list the functions of bursae
they are fluid filled sacs around many synovial joints
potential rather than actual spaces
functions to reduce friction as structures slide on one another.
- therefore located between layers of muscles
- where muscles and tendons overlie bony prominences
- bursitis - if they fill with fluid
what are the types of movement
active
passive physiological
passive accessory
describe active movement
produced by muscle contraction
includes
- angular movements - they change the angle between bones.
- abduction/adduction - anteroposterior axis.
- flexion/extension - transverse axis.
- rotational movements - internal (medial)/external (rotation) - longitudinal.
describe passive physiological movements
produced by an external force
- could also be produced actively
- e.g. physio raises your leg.
describe passive accessory movements
cannot be produced actively
movement of articular surfaces within joint capsule (small little movements).
e.g physio moves your joints slightly after being in a cast after a while (joints are too stiff to move yourself)>
what are movement terms
flexion and extension abduction and adduction medial rotation and lateral rotation pronation/ supination inversion and eversion circumduction
define roll, spin and glide
spin - one surface spins relative to the other surface
roll - one surface rolls across each other so new parts of both surfaces come into contact
slide - one surface slides across the other so new parts of one surface come into contact with the same parts of the other surface.
these movements all occur to stalk you.
describe the features of closed packed position of synovial joints
greatest point of stability achieved the least amount of energy
where the joint surfaces are maximally congruent and ligaments and capsule are maximally taut.
in this position the joint is resistant to any forces that tend to cause separation.
different for every joint.
little or no joint play is possible.
