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ANAT 101 > Topic 1 > Flashcards

Topic 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

define anatomical position

A

standing, head erect, palms facing forward, eyes forward, feet together (shoulder width apart), toes forward

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2
Q

define superior and inferior

A

S - closer to the top

I - closer to the bottom

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3
Q

define anterior and posterior

A

A - front

P - backside

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4
Q

define medial and lateral

A

M - closer to the midline

L - further away from midline

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5
Q

define superficial and deep

A

S - closer to skin surface

D - away from skin surface (deeper)

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6
Q

define ipsilateral and contralateral

A

S - same side

C - opposite side

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7
Q

define cephalad and caudad

A

ceph - closer to head

caud - closer to tail bone/tail

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8
Q

define dorsal and plantar

A

D - top side of foot

P - underside of foot

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9
Q

define radial and ulnar

A

R - thumb side of arm

U - Pinky side of arm

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10
Q

what are the 4 type of bone cells

A

osteogenic cells
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast

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11
Q

what is an osteogenic

A

stem cell

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12
Q

what is an osteoblast

A

matrix-synthesising responsible for bone growth, they lay down the extracellular matrix surrounding themselves. they become trapped and then become an osteocyte.

(bone building cells = B)

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13
Q

what is an osteocyte

A

a mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix.

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14
Q

what is an osteoclast

A

a bone resorping (C=Chew), they chew/dissolve bone and then osteoblast follows behind and lays down the new ECM.

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15
Q

what are the two divisions of the skeletal system and what do they include

A

axial skeleton - skull, vertebra column, thorax and skull.

appendicular - bones of the limbs and limb girdles.

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16
Q

what is a girdle

A

a girdle is the point of attachment between a limb and the trunk.

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17
Q

list the functions of the skeleton

A

protection from external forces - skull protects the brain.

efficient performance of mechanical work - act as levers for movement.

withstand and recover from tensile and compressive forces.

production of red and white blood cells - hematopoiesis, occurs within marrow cavities.

mineral storage - act as reservoir for minerals (especially calcium)

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18
Q

what provides flexibility and rigidity for bones

A

organic - flexibility

inorganic - rigidity

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19
Q

what is compact and spongy bone mostly made up of

A

spongy - trabeculae

compact - osteons

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20
Q

what shape groups do you classify bones into

give an example of each

A 
long - tibia 
short - talus 
flat - sternum 
irregular - vertebrae
sesamoid - patella
21
Q

describe the functions of bone markings

A

strengthen bone

provide passages through the bone

provide attachment sites

provide landmarks

promote bone to bone articulation

22
Q

what are the 2 types of bone markings

A

projections and depressions

23
Q

list and provide an example for each of the bone projections

A

trochanter - large, rough prominence on side of bone - trochanters on the femur.

tuberosity - large and rough prominence where muscle and connective tissue meet. - deltoid tuberosity

tubercle - small rounded rough bump. - on humerus

3 xT’s are for muscle attachment.

epicondyle - roughened area above a condyle - femural medial

ramus - bridge of bones -

raised crests, for muscle attachment:
line - line - femur 
ridge - alveolar ridge 
spine
crest - superior pelvic bone.
24
Q

list and provide an example of all the depression bone markings

A

facet - small, flat, smooth area (for articulation) - on vertebra

fovea - small pit - head of the femur

socket in bone (larger than fovea) - trochea fossa

25
Q

define joint

A

refers to the union between two or more bones.

26
Q

how is a joint classified

A

structure (tissue type)

amount of movement available

27
Q

what are the three types of joint structures

A

fibrous, cartilaginous and synovial

28
Q

what are the 3 amounts of movement when classifying a joint

A

immobile
slightly mobile
freely mobile

29
Q

explain fibrous joints

A

fibrous joints have fibrous material that joins the bone ends together (connected very tightly)

the amount of movement depends of the length of the fibers.

there are two types of fibrous joints
1. suture - found in skull, looks like a river, short fibers, little to no movement.

  1. syndesmosis - found elsewhere, longer fibers, slightly mobile.
30
Q

explain cartilage joints

A

cartilaginous tissue joins the bone together, amount of movement depends of the cartilage type.

there are two types of cartilage joints

  1. Synchondrosis (primary) - found at epiphyseal plates where bone growth occurs, involves in the growth of the skeleton so there are only a few that stay with you in adulthood.
    - found in long bones
    - eventually completely ossify.
    - immobile
    - sternocostal joint - some mobility.
  2. symphysis - a disc of fibrocartilage binds 2 bones together, found in the midline of the body, slightly mobile.
31
Q

what is the purpose of cartilage joints

A

to provide stability rather than producing or facilitating movement because they range from immobile to slightly mobile.

32
Q

explain synovial joints

A
  • bone ends are shaped to fit together and covered with articular cartilage which allows bones to slide on one another.
  • outside the joint fibrous capsule which units the bones and maintains joint cavity.
  • inside the joint is the joint cavity (a space between bones) which contains synovial fluid (a lubricant) which assists in frictionless movement of bones - synovial membrane lines the synovial capsule and provides fluid.
  • synovial joints have ligaments surrounding to stabillise.
33
Q

how do you classify synovial joints

A

by the degrees of freedom (number of axes about which movement occurs) and shape

34
Q

explain how you classify synovial joints by shape

A

Plane - flat

  • e.g. tarsal bones in foot
  • non-axial

hinge - projection fits into a slot

  • e.g. hinge joint in elbow.
  • Uni-axial

pivot - round process within a ring

  • e.g. C1 and C2 on vertebrae
  • Uni-axial

ellipsoid/condyloid - oval shaped projection fits in to oval shaped hollow

  • e.g. condyloid - knee, ellipsoid - radius and carpal bones of wrist
  • biaxial

saddle - one of convex and one concave

  • e.g. joint between trapezium carpal bone and 1st metacarpal bone.
  • multiaxial

ball and socket

  • a ball that fits into a socket
  • e.g. hip joint or shoulder joint.
  • mulit-axial.
35
Q

define uniaxial, biaxial, multiaxial

A

Uni - one axes and one pair of movements

biaxial - two axes and two pairs

36
Q

what are the axes for joint movements

A

anteroposterior - front to back

transverse - side to side

longitudinal - along length of the bone. (vertical)

37
Q

what are the possible movements of movement axes

A

anteroposterior

  • abduction and adduction
  • lateral flexion

transverse axis
- flexion/extension

longitudinal
- rotation

38
Q

what are the functions of ligaments

A
  • act as mechanical constraints (they have a mechanical function)
    they prevent undesired movement (under tension) and permit limited desired movement (not under tension)
  • sensory organs - provide sensory input to the brain about proprioception
39
Q

define ligament

A

bands of fibrous tissue that occur at joints

40
Q

how do you classify ligaments

A
  1. capsular - reinforce the joint capsule
    - capsular ligament of the shoulder.
  2. intracapsular - lie inside the joint capsule - anterior and posterior cruciate of the knee.
  3. extracapsular - lie outside the joint - patella ligament
41
Q

define and list the functions of articular discs

A

they are pads of fibrocartilage that are situated between the articular surfaces of some synovial joints.

functions to:
- act as shock absorbers - because fibrocartilage is the one type of cartilage that can give some movement by deforming or absorbing forces.

  • aid mechanical fit between articular surfaces.
  • restrain movement
  • assist lubrication
  • permit different movements to occur in the joint.
42
Q

define and list the functions of bursae

A

they are fluid filled sacs around many synovial joints

potential rather than actual spaces

functions to reduce friction as structures slide on one another.

  • therefore located between layers of muscles
  • where muscles and tendons overlie bony prominences
  • bursitis - if they fill with fluid
43
Q

what are the types of movement

A

active
passive physiological
passive accessory

44
Q

describe active movement

A

produced by muscle contraction

includes

  • angular movements - they change the angle between bones.
  • abduction/adduction - anteroposterior axis.
  • flexion/extension - transverse axis.
  • rotational movements - internal (medial)/external (rotation) - longitudinal.
45
Q

describe passive physiological movements

A

produced by an external force

  • could also be produced actively
  • e.g. physio raises your leg.
46
Q

describe passive accessory movements

A

cannot be produced actively

movement of articular surfaces within joint capsule (small little movements).

e.g physio moves your joints slightly after being in a cast after a while (joints are too stiff to move yourself)>

47
Q

what are movement terms

A 
flexion and extension 
abduction and adduction 
medial rotation and lateral rotation 
pronation/ supination 
inversion and eversion 
circumduction
48
Q

define roll, spin and glide

A

spin - one surface spins relative to the other surface

roll - one surface rolls across each other so new parts of both surfaces come into contact

slide - one surface slides across the other so new parts of one surface come into contact with the same parts of the other surface.

these movements all occur to stalk you.

49
Q

describe the features of closed packed position of synovial joints

A

greatest point of stability achieved the least amount of energy

where the joint surfaces are maximally congruent and ligaments and capsule are maximally taut.

in this position the joint is resistant to any forces that tend to cause separation.

different for every joint.

little or no joint play is possible.

ANAT 101 (12 decks)

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