Topic 2.4: Protein Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the basic structure of an amino acid

A

An amine group
A carboxylic acid group
A hydrogen atom
A variable side chain (R)

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2
Q

How are amino acids joined

A

Through condensation reactions to form a dipeptide and water

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3
Q

What is the covalent bond between an amino acid

A

A peptide bond

Long chains of covalently bonded amino acids are called polypeptides

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4
Q

How are polypeptide chains broken down

A

Through hydrolysis reactions which requires water to reverse the process

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5
Q

How are peptide bonds formed

A

when the amine group loses the hydrogen (H) atom and the carboxylic acid loses a hydroxyl (OH), forming water

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6
Q

What are the four structures of proteins, the way amino acids fold

A

Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quaternary structure

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7
Q

What is denaturation

A

a structural change in a protein that results in the loss of its biological properties

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8
Q

What are the two conditions at which a protein denatures

A

temperature and pH

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9
Q

How does temperature affect a protein

A

High levels of temp. disrupt the hydrogen bonds that hold the protein together

when these bonds are broken, they will unfold and lose their capacity to function

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10
Q

How does pH affect a protein

A

amino acids are neutral molecules that possess both negative and positive charged regions

when the pH is changed, it alters the charge of the protein, changing its solubility and shape

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11
Q

What is a gene

A

a sequence of DNA that encodes a polypeptide sequence

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12
Q

What are the two processes to convert a gene sequence

A

Transcription, making mRNA based off of a DNA template

Translation, using instructions of MRNa transcript to link amino acids together

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13
Q

What is a proteome

A

a totality of proteins expressed in a cell, tissue, or organism

a proteome is unique, as protein expression patterns are determined by an individuals genes

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14
Q

what are the different roles of proteins in a cell

A

structure: collagen, spider silk
hormones: insulin, glucagon
immunity: immunoglobulins
transport: hemoglobin
sensation: rhodopsin
movement: actin, myosin
enzymes: rubisco, catalase

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15
Q

What is collagen

A

a component of the connective tissue of animals

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16
Q

What is spider silk

A

a fiber spun by spiders and used to make webs

17
Q

What is insulin

A

protein produced by the pancreas and triggers a reductio in blood glucose levels

18
Q

What is glucagon

A

protein produced by the pancreas that triggers an increase in blood glucose levels

19
Q

What is immunoglobulins

A

antibodies produced by plasma cells that are capable of targeting specific antigens

20
Q

What is hemoglobin

A

a protein found in red blood cells that is responsible for the transport of oxygen

21
Q

What is cytochrome

A

a group of proteins located in the mitochondria and involved in the electron transport chain

22
Q

What is rhodopsin

A

a pigment in the photoreceptor cells of the retina that is responsible for the detection of light

23
Q

What is actin

A

thin filaments involved in the contraction of muscle fibres

24
Q

What is myosin

A

thick filaments involved in the contraction of muscle fibres

25
Q

What is rubisco

A

an enzyme involved in the light independent stage of photosynthesis