Topic 2.3: Carbohydrate and Lipid

Question 1

How are monosaccharide monomers linked together

Answer 1

Through condensation reactions to form disaccharides and polysaccharide polymers

Question 2

What are carbohydrates usually composed of

Answer 2

Recurring monomers called monosaccharides (typically forming ring structures)

Question 3

How are monosaccharides linked

Answer 3

through condensation reactions

Question 4

What are some examples of monosaccharides

Answer 4

Glucose
Galactose
Fructose

Question 5

What do monosaccharides typically function as

Answer 5

an immediate energy source for cells

Question 6

What do disaccharides typically function as

Answer 6

a form of transport

Question 7

What are some examples of disaccharides

Answer 7

Lactose
Maltose
Sucrose

Question 8

What do polysaccharides typically function as

Answer 8

playing a role in cell recognition

Question 9

What are some examples of polysaccharides

Answer 9

Cellulose
Glycogen
Starch

Question 10

What are polysaccharides

Answer 10

Carbohydrate polymers compromised of many monosaccharide monomers

Question 11

What is cellulose

Answer 11

A structural polysaccharide found in the cell wall of plants

Question 12

What is starch

Answer 12

An energy storage polysaccharide found in plants

Question 13

What is glycogen

Answer 13

An energy storage polysaccharide formed in the liver of animals

Question 14

What are fatty acids

Answer 14

long hydrocarbon chains found in certain types of lipids

Question 15

What are saturated fatty acids

Answer 15

fatty acids that posses no double bonds

they are linear in structure

Question 16

What are unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 16

Fatty acids with double bonds
1 bound = monounsaturated
>1 bond = polyunsaturated

they are bent in structure

Question 17

What are cis unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 17

the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on the SAME side

Question 18

what are trans unsaturated fatty acids

Answer 18

the hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon double bond are on DIFFERENT sides

Question 19

How are triglycerides formed

Answer 19

when condensation reactions occur between one glycerol and three fatty acids

can be saturated or unsaturated depending on the chain composition

Question 20

How do fats and diet influence the level of cholesterol in the bloodstream

Answer 20

Saturated fats and trans fats raise blood cholesterol while unsaturated fats lower blood cholesterol levels

Question 21

Why are fats and cholesterols packed into proteins

Answer 21

because they cannot dissolve in the blood and are packaged to proteins for transport

Question 22

What are low density lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 22

proteins that transport cholesterol from the liver to the rest of the body

Question 23

what are high density lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 23

proteins that scavenge excess cholesterol and carry it back to the liver for disposal

Question 24

LDL versus HDL in the blood

Answer 24

LDL raises blood cholesterol levels

HDL lowers blood cholesterol levels

Question 25

What are some health risks of high cholesterol

Answer 25

Lead to hardening and narrowing of arteries (atherosclerosis)

Question 26

How does atherosclerosis occur

Answer 26

When LDL is high in the bloodstream, its particles form deposits in the wall of arteries

The accumulation of fat leads to development of plaque, restricting blood flow

If arteries are blocked, coronary heart disease will occur, leading to heart attacks and strokes

Question 27

What do lipids do in the human body

Answer 27

They are more suitable for long-term storage than carbohydrates

Question 28

What is the difference between carbohydrate and lipid functions

Answer 28

Lipids are more suitable for long term energy storage

lipids have less effects on osmotic pressure

carbs are easier to digest and utilise

lipids store more energy per gram

carbs are easier to transport tin the blood

Question 29

What does BMI measure

Answer 29

the relative mass based on the weight and height of an individual

Question 30

What is BMI commonly used for

Answer 30

to identify potential weight problems in adults

Question 31

How is BMI calculatetd

Answer 31

mass in kg divided by the heigh in m^2