Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

SAM final topics > Topic 21 - Acute liver diseases in dogs and cats. Acute hepatic failure, feline hepatic lipidosis > Flashcards

Topic 21 - Acute liver diseases in dogs and cats. Acute hepatic failure, feline hepatic lipidosis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Metabolism
Detoxification
Storage of micronutrients: vitamins etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name acute liver diseases:

A
  1. Acute hepatic failure
  2. Hepatotoxicosis, AHF
    3.Hepatic lipidosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is acute hepatic failure?

A

Not really a disease, it is a clinical syndrome caused by diffeent diseases

  • Toxicosis
  • Adenovirus in non-vaccinated animals
  • Idiosyncratic reaction to a drug
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the outcome(S) if acute hepatic failure?

A

Recovery, chronic liver disease
More common: Death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Causes for acute liver failure?

A

Hepatotoxicosis
Infection
Trauma, heat stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Clinical signs of acute liver failure:

A

We have both general signs, and signs which are more specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

General clinical signs of acute liver failure:

A

Anorexia
Vomiting
Depresion
Dehydration
Polyuria, Polydipsia
Fever (if infection)
Abdominal pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Specific clinical signs of acute liver failure:

A

Icterus/jaundice
Coagulopathies
Hepatoencephalopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is icterus?

A

Yellow staining of tissues due to a build up of bilirubin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is coagulopathies?

A

Coagulation factors produced by the liver.
Can see bloody vomit or diarrhoea, petechia, melena (bloody faeces)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is hepatic encephalopathy?

A

the liver is not detoxifying ammonia

Causing seizures etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How to diagnose acute liver failure?

A

Ultrasound
Histopathology after biopsy (she wants to hear this!!!)
Blood samples

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What can be seen in histopathological samples?

A

Necrosis !!

Necrosis leads to decreased bile flow which irritates the liver and causes further necrosis.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which enzymes can be seen in blood test and indicate liver problems?

A
  1. Leakage enzymes (Extreme elevation)
  2. Cholestatic enzymes (Slower increase)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which values are the “leaking enzymes”?

A

ALT, AST

Alanine transaminase
Aspartate transaminase

Indicating hepatocellular damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which values are the “cholestatic enzymes”?

A

ALKP, GGT

Alkaline phosphatase
Gamma glutamyl-transferase

Indicating intrahepatic cholestasis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hepatotoxicosis?

A

The liver is very sensitive to toxins, most often it is an acute onset.
There are two main effects: Depending on dose, drug etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the two effect of hepatotoxicosis

A

Intrinsic effect
Idiosyncratic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is intrinsic effect of hepatotoxicosis?
Name drug examples:

A

It is dose-dependent and calculable

Dog: Xylitol
Cat: Paracetamol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is idosyncratic effect of hepatotoxicosis?
Name drug examples:

A

Is is non-dose dependent and non-calculable.
Very rare

Phenobarbital, itraconazole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the outcome of hepatotoxicosis?

A

Acute liver failure (common)
Chronic liver failure (rare)
No effect

Depends on the toxin, animal and genetics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

hepatotoxicosis

Animal
Genetics
Toxin

A

Animal: Depens on age, sex, immune system, if there are other drugs in the system

Genetics: Doberman=Amiodarone, Labrador=Carprofen

Toxin: Depens on type, dose and exposure time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Treatment of liver toxicosis:

A
  1. Stop the drug, or all drugs if don’t know the specific one
  2. Give antidote if it exist
  3. Charocal or Gastric lavage
  4. Stabilise the animal with fluids and oxygen
  5. Give antioxidants
24
Q

Name examples of drug hepatotoxicosis:

A
  1. Paracetamol toxicosis
  2. Phenobarbital toxicosis
  3. Diazepam, clonazepam toxicosis
  4. Potentiated sulphanomide toxicosis
25
Paracetamol toxicosis ## Footnote Damage: Clinical signs: Diagnosing test:
*Damage:* Reduced number of flutathione storage, oxidative injury to RBCs and hepatocytes *Clinical signs:* Cyanosis, dyspnoea due to lung oedema, tachycardia, tachypnoea *Diagnosing test:* Lab: Can see brown blood, ALT, AST ## Footnote Not to confuse with HCM: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
26
Phenobarbital toxicosis
Drug used for longterm epilepsy treatment Can be acute (enlarged liver), chronic (small liver)
27
Treatment for Paracetamol toxicosis
Only toxicosis with antidote: **N-Acetylcysteine** Silymarin: mushroom antidote Cimetidine: Inactiavtes the P-450 syntesis, which is overproduced in paracetamol toxicosis SAMe (S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine): Restores glutathione
28
Phenobarbital toxicosis ## Footnote Treatment
Switch to levetiracetam, routine lab every 4-6 months
29
Diazepam, Clonazepam toxicosis
Seen in cats Bad prognosis: acute, quick onset, high mortality Caused by diazepam use over a 5-13 day period. In normal cases the liver enzymes do not increase, but with toxicosis, they do
30
Poteniated sulphonamide toxicosis
More common in dogs. A idiosyncratic (dose-dependent) effect. Have different forms: acute hypersensitivty and destructive cholangitis
31
Poteniated sulphonamide toxicosis ## Footnote Acute hypersensitivity
Centrilobular necrosis, secondary cholestasis and inflammation
32
Poteniated sulphonamide toxicosis ## Footnote Destrictive cholanhitis
Bile duct destrcution, inflammation. We can see acholic faces (white
33
Causes for infectious liver diseases:
Virus Bacteria Fungus Parasites Protozoon
34
Viruses causing liver diseases:
Canine adenovirus (Rubarths disease) Canine herpes Coronavirus in cats - FIP (Feline Infectious Peritonitis)
35
Rubarth's disease ## Footnote Occurence: Clinical signs: Treatment:
*Occurence:* Rare, due to vaccination *Clinical signs:* Blue eyes, bleeding tendency, decreased glucose *Treatment:* IV fluid and blood transfusion, atropine for anterior uveitis, topical glucocorticoids for minimise acute stage inflammation
36
FIP ## Footnote Clinical signs: What happens in det body?
*What happens in the body?* Hepatitis, necrosis, vascultitis, fibrin layer around liver. Affects other organs too: Brain, eyes, spleen, pleura, peritoneum *Clinical signs* Ascites, fever, diarrhoea, malaise
37
Bacterias causing liver diseases:
Leptospira Clostridium pilliforme (Tyzzers disease) Heliobacter canis
38
Leptospiriosis ## Footnote Definition
Acute disease causing acute renal failure and choleostatic hepatic disease. Zoonotic !!! Always wear gloves if a dog comes in with: Fever, icterus, kidney failure
39
Leptospirosis ## Footnote Lab results: Clinical signs: Diagnosis:
*Lab results:* Increased ALKP, ALT, Bilirubin, bile acids *Clinical signs:* Fever, vomit, jaundice, myalgia (sore muscles), uveitis, vascular injury, oliguria, anuria, uraemia *Diagnosis:* Serology: IgG, IgM. PCR,
40
Tyzzer's disease ## Footnote Definition: Clinical signs: Diagnosis: Treatment:
*Definition:* Looks like parvo, rare disease. *clinical signs:* Acute onset: anorexia, lethrgic, abdominal discomfort *Diagnosis:* bipsy and histopathology *Treament:* no treatment, acute onset and death within 24-48 hours ## Footnote High mortality, diagnosed in pathology - multifocal perioptal hepatic necrosos in dogs and cats
41
Helibacter canis ## Footnote Occurence: Clinical signs:
Seen in young dogs *Clinical signs:* Icterus, fever
42
Fungus causing liver diseases:
Histoplasmosis Coccidiodomycosis *(mycosis)*
43
Mycosis
Will show liver signs, but not acute: - Hepatomegaly - Ascites - Icterus
44
Protozooa causing liver diseases:
Toxoplasmosis
45
Toxoplasmosis ## Footnote Causing? Organs affected: Clinical signs: Treatment:
*Causing?* Multifocal necrosis and acute hepatic failure *Organs affected:* Lungs (pneumina), eyes (chriouveitis), lymphoid tissue (icterus), spleen, CNS, heart *Clinical signs:* Fever, icterus, abdominal pain *Treatment:* clindamycin
46
Parasites causing liver diseases:
Dirofilaria immitis *(Heartworm disease)*
47
Heartworm disease ## Footnote How to cause liver damage? Clinical signs:
Blockage of the right atrium, vena cava or vena hepatica - causing congestion of the liver *Clinical signs:* Acute onset of anorexia, weakness, dyspnoea, icterus, abrupt loss og venous blood flow
47
Hepatic lipidosis, definition
Also known as **fatty liver syndrome** Most common feline hepatopathy in the USA, 2nd in Europe - cholangitis is the 1st Affects domestic, indoor, shorthair cats under the age of 4 Have primary and secondary
48
Primary hepatic lipidosis:
Animals are usually obese, and not eating. 4 days of this = dangerous !!
49
Secondary hepatic lipidosis:
more common and the cat does not necessary have to be obese
50
Causes for secondary hepatic lipidosis:
- Diabetes mellitus - Toxins or drugs - FORL (Feline odontoclastic resorptive lesions)
51
Pathogensis for hepatic lipidosis: ## Footnote *What happens in the body?*
No food → No protein → Fat accumulation in the liver → bile duct compression → intrahepatic cholestasis → hepatocytes become big fat droplets and do not function ## Footnote Cholestasis = reduced or stopped bile flow
52
Mild clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis:
- Anorexia - Depression - Dehydration - Weight loss (25%) due to muscle atrophy - Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, obstipation - Hepatomegaly
53
Severe clinical signs of hepatic lipidosis:
- Coaguloathy - Hepatic encephalopathy - Electrolytes decreses
54
Hepatoencephalopathy ## Footnote Which blood paramter(s) is most important?
Increased ammonia

SAM final topics (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions