- Feline chronic gingivostomatitis - Feline eosinophl granuloma complex - Ulcerative stomatitis - Canine eosinophil granuloma

Topic 11 - Diseases of the oral and pharyngeal cavities in dogs and cats. Ileus Flashcards by Hege Osland

When do we suspect oral disease?

oral pain
Dysphagia
Excess salivation
Reluctant to eat
Halitosis (bad breath)
Blood in saliva
Facial swelling
Nasal discharge

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Examination steps of the oral cavity:

Teeth: Number, shape, colour, moveability, pain
Tongue: shape, colour, consistency, intactness
Gums: colour, mosture
Salivary gland: size, surface, colour

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Dental formula

Cat
Dog

Dog:
⭡3I:1C:4PM:2M
⭣3I:1C:4PM:3M

Cat:
⭡3I:1C:3PM:1M
⭣3I:1C:2PM:1M

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Dysphagia

Differential diagnosis:

Oral pain: trauma, fractures, stomatitis, periodontis
Pain when swallowing: esophagitis
Oral mass: tumour
Neurmuscular disease: Rabies, joint disease

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Disease(s) of the oral cavity

Periodontal disease(s)
Stomatitis
Oral neoplasia
Tongue disease
Salivary gland disease(s)
Diseases of pharynx
Diseases of the soft palate

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Periodontal disease(s)

Periodontitis
FORL (=Feline odtonoclastic resorptive lesions)

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Periodontitis

Definition
Cause
Predisposition

Definition: Inflammation of the strucutres sorrounding the teeths

Cause: Can start as gingivitis, which is common in older-small dogs

Predisposition: Malocclusions, soft food, rough tooth surface, immunosuppression(Diabetes)

Malocclusions = teeth in wrong position

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Periodontitis

Pathogenesis

The micorfilm covering the teeth are damaged and bacterial plaque can change the normal bacterial flora, produce toxins and cause inflamamtion.

Periodintitis can also lead to loss of periodontal ligament, causing teeths to fall out

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Periodontitis

Clinical signs:
Treatment:
Prevention:

Clinical signs: Halitosis, discomfort eating, blood in saliva, chronic ulcerative periodontitis

Treatment: Plaque removal, polish tooth. Might extract tooth

Prevention: regular oral hygiene to prevent plaque: toothbrush, dental diet, chew toys

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FORL

Occurence
Types

Occurence: Presian cats, older
Types: Inflammatory, non-imflammatory, surface

Inflammatory = painful
Non-imflammatory = somewhat painful
Surface = Not so painful

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FORL

Clinical signs:
Diagnosis:
Treatment:

Clinical signs: Reluctance to eat dry food
Diagnosis: X-ray
Treatment: Depens on stages - Extraction, laser therapy, crown amputation

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Stomatitis

Definition:
Types:
Causative agents:

Definition: Inflammation of the mucous memrbane of the mouth

Types: Periodontitis, glossitis, tonsillitis

Causative agents: Traumatic, chemicals, infective agents, systemic diseases

Infective: leptospirosis, distemper, herpes, calicivirus
Systemic: Diabetes mellitus

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Stomatitis:

Types:

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis
Feline eosinophl granuloma complex
Ulcerative stomatitis
Canine eosinophil granuloma

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Feline chronic gingivostomatitis

Occurence:
Pathogenesity:
Causative agent:

Occurence: Common

Pathogenesity: Starting as caudal stomatitis, continues as rostral gingivitis and ends up as chronic gingivostomatitis

Causative agent: Feline calicivirus, Feline Infectious Virus, Feline Leukovirus

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Another name for caudal stomatitis:

Faucitis

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Feline chronic gingivostomatitis

Clinical signs:
Diagnosis:
Treatment:

Clinical signs: Halitosis, pain, dysphagia,

Diagnosis: Faucitis, hisopathology

Treatment: Extraction of all teeth, force feeding, antibiotics

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Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex

Definition:

Definition: A syndrome, excessive inflitration of eosinophils causing ulcers, granulomas and cutaneous lesions

Types:
- Oral eosinophilic ulcers
- Eosinophilic granulomas
- Cutaneous lesions

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Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex

Oral eosinophilic ulcers

Symmetrical, circumscrobed ulcers on the side of the upper lip. Non-pruritic and red-brown

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Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex

Eosinophilic granulomas

Linear and found at the base of the tongue, lips, gums and pharynx

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Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex

Cutaneous lesions

Plaque on the skin of the abdomen and linear granulomas on the back hind limbs

Feline eosinophilic granuloma complex

Clinical signs:
Diagnosis:
Treatment:

Clinical signs: Dysphagia, salivation, pain

Diagnosis: CBC, histopathology, allergy tests

Treatment: Remove possible underlying cause, antihistamines, cyclosporine

Oral neoplasia

Malignant
- malignant melanoma
- Squamous cell carcinoma
- Fibrosarcoma

Benign
- Epulius
- Papilloma

Malignant melanoma

Most common malignant tumour in dogs. Involves gingiva and causes metastasis

Poor prognosis

Squamous cell carcinoma

Most common maglinant tumour in cats, 2nd most in dogs. Ulcerative tumour that can be sublingular or rostral

Fibrosarcoma

Least common, it involves gingiva and the soft palate - fast growing. Invades soft tissues and bonse ## Footnote Common in retrievers

Epulides

Most common benign tumour in the oral cavity *Two types:* - Fibromatous epulis: Non-invasion of bones - Acanthomatous epulis: invasion of bones

Papilloma

Papillomavirus in young animals

Diseases of the tongue:

- Glossitis

Glossitis ## Footnote Definition: Causes:

Inflammation of the tongue, superficial or deep *Causes* - Strangulation of the tongue - Neoplasia - Infections

Diseases of the salivary glands

- Sialocele - Sialodenitis - Sialodenosis

Sialocele ## Footnote Definition: Clinical signs: Predisposition: Treatment:

Large, painless, soft salica-containing cyst. Accumulation of saliva can lead to rupture. *Clinical signs* Dysphagia, gagging, swelling of the face *Predisposition:* German sheperds, poodles *Treatment:* Removal of salivary gland or ducts

Sialadenitis ## Footnote Definition: Clinical signs: Treatment:

Inflammatory response of the salivary gland due to an infectious or non-infectious source. *Clinical signs:* bilateral enlargemtn of the salivary glands, painless, dysphagia, gagging, fever *Treatment:* Fine needle aspiration, glucocorticoids with antibiotics

Sialadenosis ## Footnote Definition: Clinical signs: Treatment:

*Definition:* Enlargement of the salivary glands, no pain-no fever *Clinical signs:* Retching, gulping, hypersalivation *Treatment:* Might respond to phenobarbital as it might have neurological origin

Diseases of the pharynx:

- Foreign body - Retropharyngeal abscess *Caused by migrating foreign body* - Nasopharyngeal stenosis *narrowing*

Diseases of the soft palate:

- Elongated soft palate - Cleft palate

Ileus ## Footnote Definition

Acute, small intestinal disorder where there is disruption of the normal instestinal motor activity *Can be:* - Mechanical = intestinal obstruction - Functional = lumen is open, but peristalsis has stopped

Mechanical ileus

Intestinal obstruction *types:* - Intraluminal = in the lumen - Intramural = in the wall - Extramural = outside the wall

Functional ileus

Lumen is open, but peristalsis has stopped *Types:* - Paralytic ileus - Vascular bowel disease - due to thrombosis, shock - Spastic bowel segment

Types of ileus:

Intestinal obstruction Intestinal intussusception

Intestinal obstruction ## Footnote Name/type

Foreign body ileus

Foreign body ileus ## Footnote What happens?

1. Intestinal spasms around a foreign object leading to iscchaemia and pain, no blood supply 2. Impaired peristalsis leads to vomiting and dysbiosis 3. Leading to dehydration, hypovolemia 4. The gut barrier integrity will be impaired which causes bacterial translocation, endotoxaemia, septicaemia

Foreign body ileus ## Footnote Predisposition: Clinical signs:

Young, large breeds *Clinical signs:* Lack of appetite, vomiting, dehydration, lack of faeces, feel foreign body or swelling from abdominal palpation

Foreign body ileus ## Footnote Diagnosis Treatment

*Diagnosis:* Contrast radiography, ultrasound *Treatment:* fluid therapy, surgery ASAP, prokinetic drugs to induce peristalsis

What is peristalsis?

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wave-like movements that push the contents of the canal forward

Intestinal intussusception

Invagination of one segment of the GIT onto the lumen of the adjoinin section. Usually caused by another GIT disease that causes increased motility, which increases the momentum towards a more relaxed segment

Intestinal intussusception ## Footnote Predisposition Where is it seen? Causes

*Predisposition:* young puppies Seen in **Cats:** jejunojenual **Dog:** ileocolic *Causes:* - Parasitic wormd - Foreign bodies - Neoplasia - Acute enteritis, parvovirus - Infectious diseases: lepto

Intestinal intussusception ## Footnote Clinical signs: Diagnosis Treatment

*Clinical signs:* hemtaochezia, vomiting, bloody diarrhoea, abdmoinal pain, palpable elongated thickened intestinal loops *Diagnosis:* Ultrasound *Treatment:* surgery