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GCSE Biology > Topic 2 - Organisation (plants) > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Organisation (plants) Flashcards

1
Q

How is a xylem tube structured/

A
  • dead cells joined end to end
  • no end walls between them and a hole down the middle
  • Strengthened with a material called lignin
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2
Q

What does the xylem carry and where to?

A

The xylem carries water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves

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3
Q

What is the movement of water in the xylem called?

A

the movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves is called the TRANSPIRATION STREAM

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4
Q

What is transpiration?

A

The loss of water from a plant

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5
Q

Where does transpiration mostly happen?

A

the leaves

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6
Q

What causes transpiration?

A

evaporation and diffusion of water from the plant’s surface

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7
Q

What does transpiration cause?

A

the evaporation causes a slight shortage of water in the leaf so more water is drawn up the plant via the xylem vessels to replace it

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8
Q

What causes the constant transpiration stream through plants?

A

water is drawn up from the roots to replace the water evaporating from the leaves

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9
Q

What is transpiration a side-effect of?

A

the way plants are adapted for photosynthesis (they have stomata so gases can be exchanged easily)

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10
Q

How does water escape through the leaves?

A

there is more water inside the plant than in the air outside
- water escaped the leaves through stomata by diffusion

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11
Q

How are phloem cells structured?

A

made of elongated living cells with small pores in the end to allow cell sap to flow through.

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12
Q

What does the phloem transport and where to?

A

-transports food substances (mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use (growing regions) or for storage.

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13
Q

What is cell sap?

A

a liquid that’s made of the substances being transported and water

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14
Q

What is the name of the process were the phloem transports food substances?

A

translocation

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15
Q

What is the role of the roots?

A

take up water and minerals from the soil
anchor the plant into the ground

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16
Q

What is the role of the stem?

A

used for transport (xylem and phloem), it supports the plant, spaces out the leaves and holds the flowers in position

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17
Q

What is the role of the leaves?

A

Contain mesophyll cells with lots of chloroplasts to absorb the light needed for photosynthesis
contain stomata to allow gases in and out of the leaf

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18
Q

What is the role of the flower?

A

-reproductive organ of the plant
-typically have male and female parts
-main role is to attract insects for pollination

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19
Q

What is the apical bud and what is it’s function?

A

apical bud- highest point of the plant
continues growth in height, produces new leaves, may produce flowers

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20
Q

What are the roles of the lateral buds?

A

makes branches and leaves, may produce flowers

21
Q

What is the role of the epidermal tissue?

A

covers the hole plant

22
Q

What is the role of the palisade mesophyll tissue?

A

part of the plant leaf where most photosynthesis happens?

23
Q

What is the role of the spongy mesophyll tissue?

A

in the leaf- contains big air spaces to allow gases to diffuse in and out of cells

24
Q

What is the role of the meristem tissue?

A

Found at the growing tips of shoots and roots, is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cells, allowing the plant to grow (stem cells)

25
Q

LEAF STRUCTURE:
What is the role of the epidermal tissues?

A

covered with a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss by evaporation

26
Q

LEAF STRUCTURE:
What is the role of the upper epidermis?

A

transparent so light can pass through to the palisade layer

27
Q

LEAF STRUCTURE:
What is the role of the palisade layer?

A

lots of chloroplasts for photosynthesis
Near the top of the leaf so it gets lots of light

28
Q

LEAF STRUCTURE:
What is the role of the xylem and phloem?

A

network of vascular bundles, transport water and nutrients to leaves and take way the glucose produced
and help support structure

29
Q

LEAF STRUCTURE:
What is the role of the spongy mesophyll?

A

air spaces increase the diffusion rate of gases

30
Q

In what way does light intensity affects transpiration rate?

A

The brighter the light, the greater the transpiration rate

31
Q

How does light intensity affects transpiration rate?

A

Stomata begin to close as it gets darker
Photosynthesis can’t happen is the dark so the stomata don’t need to open to allow c02 in (gas exchange)
-When the stomata are closed, very little water can escape

32
Q

In what way does temperature affect transpiration rate?

A

the warmer it is , the faster transpiration happens

33
Q

How does temperature affect transpiration rate?

A

When it’s warm the water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out of the stomata

34
Q

What are the 4 factors that affect transpiration rate?

A

-light intensity
-temperature
-air flow
-humidity

35
Q

In what way does humidity affect transpiration rate?

A

the drier the air around the leaf, the faster transpiration happens.

36
Q

How does humidity affects transpiration rate?

A

If the air is humid, there’s a lot of water in it, so there is a similar concentration of water outside and inside the leaf leading to a small diffusion gradient so diffusion happens slowly

37
Q

In what way does air flow affect transpiration rate?

A

the better the air flow around the leaf (e.g. stronger wind) the greater the transpiration rate.

38
Q

What effect does poor air flow have on transpiration rate?

A

poor air flow means water vapour just surrounds the leaf and doesn’t move away
Meaning there is a high concentration of water particles outside the leaf as well as inside it.
The smaller diffusion gradient means diffusion doesn’t happen as quickly.

39
Q

Wat effect does good air flow have on transpiration rate?

A

Good air flow allows the water to be swept away, maintaining a low concentration of water outside the leaf. Diffusion (or transpiration) happens quickly from an area of higher to lower concentration.

40
Q

How is the lower epidermis adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

full of stomata which lets CO2 diffuse directly into the leaf

41
Q

How are guard cells adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

control the open and closing of stomata in response to environmental conditions

42
Q

How is the spongy mesophyll tissue adapted for efficient gas exchange?

A

air spaces increase the rate of diffusion of gases

43
Q

What do the guard cells do when the plant has lots of water?

A
  • they fill with water and become turgid
  • this makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis
44
Q

What do guard cells do when the plant is short of water?

A
  • lose water and become flaccid
    -the stomata close to prevent too much water vapour escaping
45
Q

What makes the opening and closing of the guard cells work?

A
  • thin outer walls
  • thickened inner walls
46
Q

Why are guard cells sensitive too light?

A
  • to save water without losing out of photosynthesis
47
Q

Why are there more stomata on the undersides of leaves?

A
  • lower surface is shaded and cooler
    -less water is lost than is the stomata were on the upper surface
48
Q

What two things are guard cells adapted for?

A
  • gas exchange
  • controlling water loss within a leaf

GCSE Biology (3 decks)

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