Topic 2 Development Dynamics

Question 1

Gross domestic product

Answer 1

The total values of good and services a country produces in a year.
Measure of wealth
As country develops it increases

Question 2

Gdp per capita

Answer 2

The gdp divided by the population of country. Its often given in us and is sometimes called GDP head.
Measure wealth
Higher as country develops

Question 3

GNI

Answer 3

The total value of goods and services produced by country in a year,including income from overseas. Its often given in US.
Measure of wealth
Higher as country develops

Question 4

Brith rate,death rate,fertility rate,infant mortality rate, maternal mortality rate

Answer 4

The number of live babies born per thousand of the population
per year.
The number of deaths per thousand of the population per year.
The average number of births per woman.
The number of babies who die under 1 year old, per thousand babies born.
The number of women who die due to pregnancy related problem per hundred throusand live births

Question 5

Gini coefficient

Answer 5

A measure of economic inequality. Countries given a score between 0 equal and 1 not equal

Question 6

Human dvelopment index and corruption perception index

Answer 6

This is a number that’s calculated using life expectancy, education level (e.g. average number of years of schooling) and income per head. Every country has an HDI value between 0 (least developed) and 1 (most developed)

A measure of the level of corruption that is believed to exist in the public sector on a scale of 1-100.
The lower the score, the more corruption.

Question 7

Climate affecting country dvelopment

Answer 7

If a country has a poor climate (really hot or really cold or really dry) not much will grow. This reduces the amount of food produced, which can lead to malnutrition. People who are malnourished have a low quality of life.
2)
People also have fewer crops to sell, so less money to spend on goods and services. This also reduces their quality of life.

Question 8

Topography

Answer 8

-if land in a country is steep then it won’t produce a lot of food. This can be same effect as a poor climate
-steep land can also be hard for infrasturcture which can limit trade

Question 9

Education

Answer 9

Educating people produces more skilled workforce meaning that country can produce more good and offer more services which can bring more money into country
Educated people earn more so more tatxes paid

Question 10

Health

Answer 10

-some countries have lack of clean water and poor health care so suffere from diseases
-less people are able to work so can’t contribute to economy

Question 11

Colonialism

Answer 11

Countries that were colonised (ruled by a foreign country) are often at a lower level of development when they gain independence than they would be if they had not been colonised.
European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century. They controlled the economies of their colonies, removed raw materials and slaves, and sold back expensive manufactured goods. This was bad for African development as it made parts of Africa dependent on Europe, and led to tamine and malnutrition.

Question 12

Neo-colonism

Answer 12

After colonies gained their independence, richer countries continued to control them indirectly.
2) For example, some transnational corporations (TNCs) exploit the cheap labour and raw materials of poorer countries (see p.26).
3)
International organisations sometimes offer conditional loans, which mean poorer countries have to develop in the way their donors want them to.

Question 13

Global inequalities can have social and politcal consequence

Answer 13

-poorer countries can’t afford to invest as much in education as richer countries and poorer people may not be able to afford school fees or children may have to work to support families instead of going school

-people in dveloping countries are higher risk of dveloping diseases than people in dveloped countries lewding to lower life expectancies. Infant mortality rate is also higher

-inequalities can increasenpoliticsl instability,crime and discontent in poorer countries

Question 14

Rostow’s theory of economic evolution

Answer 14

1) tarditional society-based farming fishing and forestry
2)predoncitions for take-off - manufacturing starts to develop such as infrastructure
3) take off-rapid,intensive growth. Large scale industrialisation
4) druve to maturity-economy grows so people get wealthier so standards of living rise
5) mass consumtpion-lots of trade,goods are mass produced, people are welathy so high levels of consumption

Question 15

Franks dependency theory

Answer 15

The theory suggests that some poorer, weaker countries (the periphery) remain poor because they are dependent on the core countries (those that are richer and more powerful).
3) It argues that the exploitation that started during the colonial period has continued — this is neo-colonialism (see p.23). The richer, former colonial countries continue to dominate the trading system even though the colonised countries have gained independence - richer countries continue to take advantage of the cheap raw materials and labour available in poorer countries.
For example, poorer countries have been encouraged to plant crops for export and produce primary products to sell cheaply to richer countries. This means they need to import manufactured goods at higher cost from richer countries to provide for their own population. This traps them in poverty and makes them dependent on the economy of the core countries.
Richer countries may also exploit poor countries by interfering in local politics in poorer countries or loaning them money with high rates of interest, leading to large debts.
6) This means that poor countries remain dependent on richer countries. Some people think that as long as they remain part of the capitalist (free trade, profit-seeking) system, these countries can’t develop.

Question 16

TNcS and governments increasing globalisation

Answer 16

Transnational corporations (TNCs) are companies that produce products, sell products or are located in more than one country. For example, Sony® is a TNC
- it manufactures electronic
products in China and Japan, and sells many of them in Europe and the USA.
2)
3)
TNCs increase globalisation by linking together countries through the production and sale of goods.
They also bring the culture from their country of origin to many different countries, e.g. McDonald’s* brings Western-style fast food to other countries.
4)
TNCs also promote a culture of consumerism - people in developing and emerging countries see all the products that people in developed countries have, e.g. mobile phones and TVs, and want to have them too. This makes people’s lifestyles more similar.
Governments
1)
Free trade
- governments increase globalisation by promoting free trade, e.g. reducing tariffs on
goods. This means it’s much easier to move goods, money and services between countries.
2)
Investment -
- governments compete with each other to attract investment by INCs. They think that
TNCs will bring jobs, increase income from taxes and promote economic growth in their country.
3)
Privatisation - governments hand over services and industries to private companies, e.g. in the UK, some rail services are now run by companies from Italy, Germany and France.

Question 17

Top down

Answer 17

A government or large organisation, e.g. an inter-governmental organisation (IGO) (see p.28) or transnational corporation (TNC) makes decisions about how to increase development and direct the project.
Scale and aims
• Often used for large projects, e.g. dams for hydroelectric power (HEP) or irrigation schemes.
These aim to solve large scale problems and improve the lives of lots of people.
Funding
• The projects are usually very expensive.
• Some projects are funded by INCs or governments from developed countries who will profit from the development, e.g. by selling the HEP produced.
• Other projects may be funded by loans from international organisations, e.g. the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund (IMF).
The money may have to be paid back later or the organisation may have conditions for lending the money, e.g. removing trade barriers.
Technology
• The projects are often high-tech and energy intensive. The construction usually involves machinery and technology, which is often operated by skilled workers from developed countries rather than local people.
• The recipient country becomes dependent on technology and workers from the donor country for operation and maintenance.

Question 18

Bottom up

Answer 18

Local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own community. Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) are often involved (see p.28).
• Usually small-scale, e.g. building or maintaining a well in a village.
• They often aim to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people in society.
Still or sparkling?
• Projects are usually much cheaper.
• Most money comes from charities, which often rely on donations from people in richer countries.
• Projects involve intermediate technology.
For more on intermediate technology see next page.
• Local materials are used and local people are employed.
This means people have the materials and skills to maintain the project.

Question 19

India case study

Answer 19

India is an Emerging Country in Southern Asia
1) India is a rapidly developing emerging country. It has the second
China
largest population in the world (over 1.3 billion) and is still growing.
2)
India was a British colony until 1947, but now has its own democratically elected government.
• Arabian Sea
3) India has a rich and diverse cultural background. It’s renowned for
India
Bangladest
Bay of Bengal
Sri Lanka
its production of ‘Bollywood’ films, which are exported worldwide.
4) India has a beautiful and varied landscape, including areas of mountains, desert, great plains and a large coastline, making it an attractive tourist destination.
5)
The large coastline also allows the development of ports, such as Mumbai, increasing trade.
India’s Economy has Changed a lot Since 1990
GDP ($ trillion)
1) India is getting rapidly wealthier. -
2) India has a medium level of development (HDI = 0.61).
GNI per capita ($)
There are large inequalities — some people are very wealthy, but the majority are poor.
3) Economic development has changed the importance of the different economic sectors.
Primary and secondary industry (see page 35) employ 69% of the workforce, but contribute less than half of India’s GDP.
India’s tertiary service and high-tech quaternary industries have grown hugely in recent years, now accounting for 45% of GDP.
4)
These changes have affected what
India imports and exports:

Question 20

Globalisation and governmental policy increasing dvelopment

Answer 20

1)
Globalisation
2)
More than 50% of all Indian people now own a mobile phone. This has enabled lots of people to start their own small businesses, giving them a larger income.
India has 12 major ports and more than 20 international airports. It also has an extensive rail network, carrying 8 billion passengers a year and almost 3 million tonnes of freight per day.
This makes it easier to transport goods, so trade can increase, and INCs are more likely to invest.
Some large TNCs, e.g. Microsoft®, Nokia, Unilever and Coca-Cola®, outsource some manufacturing and II to India. These bring jobs, greater income from taxes and the latest technology and business practices.
Government Policy
2)
3)
4)
In 1991, India received US $2.2 billion in aid from the IME in exchange for the government changing its economic policies, e.g. by reducing tariffs (extra taxes) on imported goods.
In 2009 India made primary education free and compulsory — 96% of children now enrol for school. Having a more educated workforce helps to fuel development see page 23.
The rail network is being upgraded and new roads and airports are being built. These reduce travel time - e.g. the Delhi metro enables thousands of commuters to get to work.
India is one of the top locations in the world for FDI (foreign direct investment — foreign companies buy land, buildings or parts of companies in a country). Most investment comes from Singapore, Mauritius, Japan and the USA. India is trying to attract more FDI by relaxing the rules on how much land, property etc. foreign companies can own.

Question 21

Positive and negative impact of econimic dvelopment

Answer 21

1) All age groups have better health:
1) Rapid industrialisation means some people may have
• Elderly people are living longer.
to do dangerous jobs. Working conditions may also
• There is a lower infant mortality rate.
be poor due to a lack of regulations put in place by Indian authorities.
• There is a lower maternal mortality rate.
2) As young people move to urban areas to find work,
2) Some age groups have better education:
there are fewer workers in rural villages. This means:
• Higher education has given young
• Children in rural areas may get a poor education
graduates access to better-paid jobs,
due to a lack of skilled teachers — nearly 50% of
e.g. in technical firms and ICT.
teachers have only completed secondary education.
• Many adults have better literacy.
• Children may have to work as agricultural labourers
3) There can be better gender equality:
to support their families.
• Women have better access to
3) There is still a lot of gender inequality:
education — literacy rates for
• It is unsafe for women in many urban areas.
Indian women have increased from
E.g. in Delhi, crimes against women increased
34% in 1991 to 59% in 2011.
by 20% from 2014-15.
• Women have better access
• If men leave to find work in cities, some women
to contraception and
may be left to care for and provide for the entire
family planning advice.
household — balancing a job with housework