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Biology > Topic 2 - Cells And Control > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cells And Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Interphase

A

Increases the amount of subcellular structures eg mitochondria , ribosomes. DNA duplicate

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2
Q

First stage of mitosis

A

Prophase - chromosomes condense, shorter. Membrane around nucleus breaks down and chromosomes lie in cytoplasm.

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3
Q

Second stage of mitosis

A

Metaphase - spindle fibres attach to centromere. chromosomes line up in middle of cell

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4
Q

Third stage of mitosis

A

Anaphase - spindle fibres shorten and pull chromatids apart to the poles of the cell.

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5
Q

Fourth stage of mitosis

A

Telophase - membrane form around each set of chromosomes. These become the nuclei of the two new cells - nucleus has divided.

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6
Q

Final stage of mitosis

A

Cytokinesis - cytoplasm and cell membrane divide to form two genetically identical diploid cells.

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7
Q

Why is mitosis important?

A

Used for growth and repair and replace damaged cells. Some organisms use it for asexual reproduction eg plants.

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8
Q

How many chromosomes does each cell have at the end of mitosis?

A

46 (diploid)

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9
Q

How does cancer happen?

A

The rate which cells divide by in mitosis is controlled by genes. If there’s a change in one of the genes that controls cells division they start diving uncontrollably.

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10
Q

Cell differentiation (animals & plants)

A

Cell changes to become specialised for its job. Allows multicellular organisms to work more efficiently.

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11
Q

Cell division (animals & plants)

A

By mitosis

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12
Q

Cell elongation (plants only)

A

Plant cell expands, cell gets bigger so plant grows

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13
Q

What is a percentile chart?

A

Used to monitor growth so any problems highlighted can be seen.

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14
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Cells that can differentiate into any type of cells. Important for the growth and development of organisms.

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15
Q

What is the function of embryonic stem cells?

A

Have the potential to develop into any type of cell.

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16
Q

Function of meristem in plants

A

Produce stem cells. The unspecialised cells go to form specialised tissues like the xylem and phloem

17
Q

What is the meristem?

A

Tissue found in areas of plan that are growing eg tips of the roots and shoots

18
Q

Benefits of using stem cells in medicine?

A

Able to replace cells which have been damaged by disease or injury. Eg Parkinson’s

19
Q

Risks of using stem cells in medicine

A

Tumor could develop as stem cells divide very quickly
Disease could be passed on as viruses live inside cells
Ethical issues as embryo has a potential human life

20
Q

Reflex arc order

A

Stimulus, receptor, sensory neurone, synapse, relay neurone, synapse, motor neurone, effector, response

21
Q

Function of the stimulus

A

Detects a change in the environment

22
Q

Function of the receptor

A

Receptors in skin detect change in environment eg heat

23
Q

Function of the sensory neurone

A

Electrical impulse travel along the sensory neurone to the spinal cord/CNS

24
Q

Function of the synapse (first one)

A

Neurotransmitters diffuse across the synapse

25
Q

Function of relay neurone

A

The impulse is passed to the relay neurone

26
Q

What happens at the second synapse?

A

Impulse travels across another synapse

27
Q

What happens at the motor neurone?

A

Impulses travel along a motor neurone via a synapse

28
Q

What happens at the effector?

A

Impulses passes to the muscle/effector

29
Q

What happens at the response?

A

Muscle / effector contracts eg moving hand away from hot pan

30
Q

When would the reflex arc be used?

A

In dangerous situations

31
Q

What is the role of the myelin sheath?

A

Acts as an electrical insulator, speeds up impulse.

32
Q

What is an advantage on long neurones?

A

Speeds up the impulse

33
Q

What is the role of neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals which diffuse across the gap between two neurones. The neurotransmitters then set off new electrical signal in the next neurone.

Biology (12 decks)

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