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GCSE Biology Combined > Topic 2 - Cell Control and Coordination > Flashcards

Topic 2 - Cell Control and Coordination Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

A sequence of growth and division that happens in cells. It includes inter-
phase and mitosis, and leads to the production of two daughter cells that are identical to the parent cell.

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2
Q

Mitosis

A

The process of cells dividing to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent.

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3
Q

Interphase

A

The stage when the cell prepares itself for the process of cell division, and
DNA replication takes place. The cell also makes more of its subcellular
structures.

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4
Q

Cancer Cell

A

Cell that divides uncontrollably

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5
Q

Differentiation

A

When a group of similar things, such as cells, become different in form from each other. Some cells can differentiate into different types of specialised cell.

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6
Q

Growth

A

A permanent increase in the number or size of cells in an organism.

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7
Q

Percentile

A

A 1/100th division of a group. For example, 10 percent of the data items are below the 10th percentile and 50 percent are below the 50th percentile.

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8
Q

Red Blood Cell

A

Specialised cell adapted to carry oxygen around the body. Has to no nucleus to allow more room for haemoglobin which binds to oxygen.

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9
Q

Meristem

A

A small area of undifferentiated cells in a plant, such as near the shoot tips and root tips, where cells are dividing rapidly by mitosis.

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10
Q

Elongation

A

When something gets longer (such as a cell in a plant root or shoot before it differentiates into a specialised cell)

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11
Q

Root Hair Cell

A

Cell found on the surface of plant roots that has a large surface area to absorb water and dissolved mineral salts quickly from the soil.

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12
Q

Xylem Cell

A

Cell that joins with other xylem cells to form long, thick-walled vessels after they die. The vessels carry water and dissolved mineral salts through the plant.

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13
Q

Differentiate

A

To change into different types, for example when meristem cells differentiate into specialised cells such as xylem or root hair cells.

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14
Q

Adult Stem Cell

A

Stem cell found in specialised tissue that can produce more of the specialised cells in that tissue for growth and repair.

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15
Q

Embryonic stem cell

A

Stem cell from an early embryo that can produce specialised cells of many
different types.

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16
Q

Stem cell therapy problems

A

Stem cells can be rejected by the bodies immune system. Rapidly dividing
cells can cause cancer.

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17
Q

Stem cell

A

Unspecialised cell that continues to divide by mitosis to produce more stem cells and other cells that differentiate into specialised cells.

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18
Q

What is mitosis?

A

A type of cell division

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19
Q

What are the three stages of the cell cycle?

A

Interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis

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20
Q

List the stages involved in mitosis, starting with prophase.

A

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

21
Q

Why is mitosis important to the organism?

A

For growth
Repair or replacement of damaged cells
Asexual reproduction in some animals

22
Q

How many daughter cells are formed as a result of mitosis?

A

2

23
Q

How many chromosomes are present in a human diploid cell?

A

46

24
Q

What is cancer?

A

Uncontrolled cell division as a result of changes
in cells.

25
Q

What is the definition of growth?

A

Increase in size or number of cells.

26
Q

Does cell elongation occur in animal or plant growth?

A

Plant

27
Q

What is cell differentiation?

A

The process by which a cell changes to become specialised for a specific role.

28
Q

If a baby was described as being on the 50th percentile for head circumference– what does that mean?

A

50% of children have a bigger head and 50% have a smaller head.

29
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An undifferentiated cell.

30
Q

How is a human embryonic stem cell different to an adult stem cell?

A

Embryonic stem cells have the potential to divide and produce any type of body cell.

Adult stem cells can only differentiate to form a few types of cells e.g. red blood cells.

31
Q

Where is a meristem found?

A

In a plant shoot or root tip

32
Q

What is a meristem?

A

This is where the plant produces
undifferentiated cells.

33
Q

Name a benefit to using stem cells in medicine.

A

Already in use to cure some diseases by bone marrow transplant.

Can be used to create specialised cells to replace damaged ones.

Potential for being able to find new cures to life changing conditions such as spinal injuries or CNS diseases.

34
Q

Name a risk to using stem cells in medicine.

A

Diseases can be passed on as viruses are found inside cells and may go undetected in the stem cells used.

Tumour development- stem cells divide very quickly and if this is not controlled then a tumour may develop.

Rejection – stem cells which are not from the patient are likely to trigger an immune response.

A patient undergoing stem cell treatment will have to take immunosuppressive drugs which makes them more susceptible to disease.

35
Q

In what stage of an animal’s life cycle do most cells differentiate?

A

In the early stages.

36
Q

In mature animals when do cells still need to differentiate?

A

For repair and replacement of cells.

37
Q

In what stage of their life cycle do plant cells differentiate?

A

They differentiate throughout their lifecycle.

38
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

Any change in the surroundings

39
Q

What is a receptor?

A

Cells that detect a change

40
Q

Name the two parts of the central nervous system.

A

Brain and spinal cord

41
Q

What is an effector?

A

A muscle or gland

42
Q

What does the CNS coordinate?

A

The response of effectors

43
Q

What is the role of the sensory neuron?

A

Carry impulses from the receptors to the Central nervous system (CNS)

44
Q

What is the role of the relay neurone?

A

Connect the sensory neurones
to the motor neurones in the CNS.

45
Q

What is the role of the motor neurone?

A

These carry impulses from the CNS to an effector.

46
Q

What is a synapse?

A

A gap between two neurones

47
Q

Describe what happens at the synapse

A

An impulse reaches the end of a neurone; neurotransmitter is released across the gap. It then diffuses across the synapse and when it reaches the next neurone this starts another impulse.

48
Q

Why are reflex actions important?

A

They protect the body from injury

49
Q
  1. Recall the pathway of the reflex arc.
A

receptor -> sensory neurone
relay neurone (CNS) -> motor neurone -> effector

GCSE Biology Combined (9 decks)

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