topic 2 Flashcards
Examples of anabolism
- protein synthesis
- synthesis of starch
- cellulose from glucose
- photosynthesis
- dna replication
Examples of catabolism reactions
- enzymic digestion
- ATP breakdown
- respiration
anabolism
synthesis of complex molecules from simpler substances
catabolism
breakdown of complex molecules into smaller ones
maltose
glucose + glucose
lactose
glucose + galactose
sucrose
glucose + fructose
what is conformation
how the polypeptide chain folds up in the protein & directly affect its 3-dimensional structure
underweight
<18.5
how does the body store sugar
as glycogen
does condensation make or use water
make
how many types of amino acids exist
20
what is the difference between fats & oils
fat = solid triglycerides oils = liquid triglycerides
what is induced fit?
substrate changes the shape of enzymes for a tighter fit
what are the properties of globular proteins?
catalytic(enzymes) regulatory(hormones) transport (haemoglobin) protective (antibodies) signal transduction (rhodopsin)
What are triglycerides
- an ester formed from glycerol & 3 fatty acid groups
- fatty acids are the main constituent of natural fats & oils
characteristics of globular proteins
- spherical shape of polypeptide chains
- water soluble
- tertiary structure critical to function
characteristics of fibrous proteins
- water insoluble
- physically tough
- stretchy
- parallel polypeptide chains in fibres or sheets
what are nucleic acids
- RNA or DNA
- long chains of nucleotides that store & transmit genetic info
what are the exceptions to organic compounds containing C
carbides (e.g. CaC2)
carbonates (CO32–)
oxides of carbon (CO, CO2)
cyanides (CN–)
Why are carbohydrates important?
- function as a source of energy (and as a short-term energy storage option)
- important as a recognition molecule (e.g. glycoproteins) & as a structural component (part of DNA / RNA)
Why are lipids important?
- serve as a major component of cell membranes (phospholipids and cholesterol)
- may be utilised as a long-term energy storage molecule (fats and oils)
- may function as a signalling molecule (steroids)
do proteins play a role in cell signalling?
yes
Why do lipids not have reoccurring monomers?
- exist as many different classes that vary in structure
What gives amino acids its different properties?
the R group
what are the components of a nucleotide?
pentose sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous base
Polysaccharides may differ due to what?
- the type of monosaccharide they possess
- the way the subunits bond together
Metabolic reactions serve two key functions:
- provide a source of energy for cellular processes (growth, reproduction,
- enable the synthesis and assimilation of new materials for use within the cell
The ratio between hydrogen and oxygen in a molecule is always greater than 2:1.
lipids
