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Biology > 2.8 > Flashcards

2.8 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

the controlled release of energy from organic compounds in cells to form ATP

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2
Q

Why do we need cell respiration

A

used In many processes & for ATP

  • active transport
  • muscle contraction
  • protein synthesis
  • vesicle transcport
  • cell signalling
  • DNA/RNA replication
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3
Q

What do all processes release?

A
  • heat bc not all reactions are 100% efficient processes
  • heat can be initially used to raise the temp of an organism but is eventually all heat is lost to the environment & cannot be used for metabolic processes
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4
Q

How is the release of energy controlled?

A
  • by enzymes; metabolic pathways & cycles

- cells control the rate of enzyme catalysed pathways + cycles by end product inhibition

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5
Q

What type of cell would have a lot of mitochondria

A

muscle cells

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6
Q

What are respirometers used for?

A

to calculate the rate of respiration by measuring the consumption of oxygen

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7
Q

Filter paper wicks

A

increase the efficiency of CO2 absorption

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8
Q

respiring organism in respirometer

A
  • need to be at a certain stage of germination

- suitable living organism that respires aerobically

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9
Q

Potassium hydroxide

A
  • alkali solution
  • absorbs CO2 in the air
  • ensures that they are not absorbing CO2 in the respirometer itself
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10
Q

Capillary tube containing oil

A

movement in the oil per minute toward the tube B measures the rate of oxygen consumption

  • if the diameter pf the capillary tube is known, then a volume can be calculates
  • quantitate & measure the changes –> links to rate of oxygen consumption
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11
Q

Syringe

A

used to reset the position of coloured oil

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12
Q

Rubber bungs seal tubes

A

closes the system to prevent changes changes in air volume not due to respiration

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13
Q

Hoffman clip

A

seals the respirometer & can be opened to reset it after the volume has been reduced by oxygen consumption

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14
Q

Temp controlled in respirometer

A

the respirometer is immersed in a water bath to prevent temp affecting the pressure & hence the volume in the apparatus

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15
Q

Tube A

A

acts as a control to ensure that changes in the levels 0f coloured oil are due to respiration & not the reaction of alkali w atmospheric gases

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16
Q

How does yeast respire?

A

aerobically & anaerobically, but when oxygen in the dough is used up so the yeast is forced to respire anaerobically

17
Q

What is bioethanol?

A

ethanol produced by organisms

  • bioethanol is a renewable energy source
  • most bioethanol is produced from sugar cane & maize, using yeast
18
Q

Why are fermenters used?

A

to keep the yeast in optimum temps

19
Q

Which respiration generates a greater yield of ATP?

A

aerobic respiration

20
Q

Which respiration can supply ATP very rapidly?

A

anaerobic respiration

- this is because oxygen is not required

21
Q

What does rapid generation of ATP enable us to do?

A

maximise the power of muscle contractions

22
Q

What limits how much or how long anaerobic respiration can be done for?

A

the fact that anaerobic respiration produces lactate

- there is a limit to the concentration that the body can tolerate

23
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

when a process involves the use of oxygen

- the demand for oxygen that builds up during a period of anaerobic respiration

24
Q

What are the 2 main types of cell respiration?

A

anaerobic respiration

aerobic respiration

25
Q

What does anaerobic respiration involve?

A

the breakdown of glucose in the cytosol for a small yield of ATP

26
Q

What does aerobic respiration utilise?

A

oxygen to completely break down glucose in the mitochondria for a larger ATP yield

27
Q

What does ATP contain?

A

1 molecule of ATP contains 3 covalently linked phosphate groups - which store potential energy in their bonds

28
Q

What happens when ATP is hydrolysed (to for ADP +Pi)?

A

the energy stored in the phosphate bond is released to be used by the cell

29
Q

Where does aerobic respiration take place?

A

inside the mitochondrion

30
Q

In yeasts, what does fermentation cause?

A

the production of ethanol & carbon dioxide

31
Q

In respirometers, what does an increase in CO2 levels indicate?

A

an increase in respiration

- this is because CO2 is a product of aerobic respiration

32
Q

In respirometers, what does a decrease in O2 indicate?

A

increase in respiration

-this is because O2 is a product of respiration

Biology (28 decks)

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