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Biology > 8.2 > Flashcards

8.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

cytoplasm

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2
Q

What are the processes in respiration?

A
  • glycolysis
  • link reaction
  • krebs cycle
  • electron transport chain
  • chemiosmosis
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3
Q

oxidative phosphorylation =?

A

electron chain transport + chemiosmosis

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4
Q

What are the components in a mitochondria?

A
  • matrix
  • outer & inner membrane
  • cristae
  • small inner membrane space
  • 70s ribosomes
  • naked loops of DNA passed unchanged from mother -> child
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5
Q

matrix

A
  • where glycolysis occurs
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6
Q

electron tomography

A

is a technique for obtaining 3D structures of sub-cellular structures using micrographs

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7
Q

reduction

A
  • electrons are gained
  • oxygen is removed
  • hydrogen is gained
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8
Q

oxidation

A
  • electrons are lost
  • oxygen is added
  • hydrogen is lost
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9
Q

what is the most common hydrogen carrier?

A

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

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10
Q

what is the most common hydrogen carrier?

A
  • NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
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11
Q

what is glycolysis?

A

is the splitting of glucose into pyruvate

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12
Q

pyruvate

A

3C compounds

- this is then used in the link reaction

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13
Q

what happens in glycolysis?

A
  • phosphorylation
  • lysis
  • oxidation
  • ATP formation
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14
Q

Describe the processes that occur in the mitochondria when oxygen is present

A
  • pyruvate get decarboxylated/ Co2 is removed and reduced NAD is formed when entering the mitochondrion
  • acetyl group reacts w reduced coenzyme A to form acetylCoA
  • acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle
  • 2 Coo2 are removed as waste
  • electron rich NADH + H+ molecule is formed
  • for each turn of the Krebs cycle, 3NADH + H & 1 FADH2 are formed
  • 1 ATP formed per pyruvate each turn (by substrate level phosphorylation)
  • reduced NAD & FADH2 enter ETC
  • oxidative phosphorylation uses energy released by ETC to produce ATP
  • as electrons move along the ETC, protons move into the intermembrane space
  • creates proton gradient across the membrane
  • ATP synthesised by flow of protons back across the membrane through ATP synthase
  • ATP is synthesised by chemiosmosis
  • ETC reduces oxygen -> oxygen is the final hydrogen (& electron) acceptor forming water
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15
Q

Explain how ATP is generated by the ETC & chemiosmosis

A
  • NAD carriers is reduced by gaining 2 electrons
  • reduced NAD is produced in glycolysis
  • reduced NAD delivers electrons to the ETC
  • ETC is in mitochondrial innermembrane
  • electrons release energy as they flow along the chain/from carrier to carrier
  • electrons from ETC accepted by oxygen(final electron acceptor)
  • proteins in the inner mitochondrial membrane act as proton pumps
  • protons are pumped into the intermembrane space
  • generate a proton gradient
  • ATP synthase is an enzyme located in the inner membrane
  • energy released as protons pass down the gradient
  • ATP synthase converts ADP to ATP
  • oxidative phosphorylation
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16
Q

what is oxidative decarboxylation?

A

process in which carbon dioxide is produced through the removal of a carbon group as a result of oxidation reactions

17
Q

Inner membrane

A

contains the integral proteins that make up the electron transport chain & ATP synthase → electron transport & chemiosmosis

18
Q

Outer membrane

A

contains the contents of the mitochondrion -> enables optimal conditions for aerobic respiration. Allows pyruvate to get into the mitochondria for the link reaction

19
Q

What is the role of NADH + H+?

A

to transfer hydrogen to the ETC

20
Q

What is the main compound used in cell respiration & why?

A

carbohydrates

  • bc lipids are harder to transport & digest
  • proteins potentially release toxic nitrogenous compounds when broken down
21
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

A

In the fluid matrix of the mitochondria

22
Q

When is energy released in a cell?

A

ATP releases inorganic phosphate.

23
Q

What is phosphorylation?

A

The reaction where a phosphate group is added to an organic molecule. The phosphate group is usually transferred to ATP
- prevents diffusion out of cell

24
Q

Phosphorylated molecules

A

less stable & therefore reacts more easily in the metabolic pathway

25
Q

Phosphorylation(glycolysis)

A

a hexose sugar(e.g glucose) is phosphorylated by 2 ATP molecules & becomes hexose biphosphate

26
Q

Lysis (glycolysis)

A

the hexose biphosphate then splits into 2 triose phosphates (3C sugars)

27
Q

Oxidation (glycolysis)

A

hydrogen removed from the triose phosphosphates via oxidation( NADH becomes NADH+) - 2 molecules of NADH are produced in total (1 from each 3C sugar)

28
Q

ATP formation(glycolysis)

A

4 ATP molecules are released as the triose phosphates are converted into pyruvate

29
Q

where does the link reaction occur?

A

in the mitochondrial matrix

30
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

the diffusion of ions across a semi-permeable membrane, through a carrier protein

31
Q

What happens in chemiosmosis

A
  • The proton motive force will cause H+ ions to move down their electrochemical gradient and diffuse back into matrix
  • This diffusion of protons is called chemiosmosis and is facilitated by the transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase
  • As the H+ ions move through ATP synthase they trigger the molecular rotation of the enzyme, synthesising ATP
32
Q

What are the distinct steps in the ETC

A
  • proton pump creates an electrochemical gradient (proton motive force)
  • ATP synthase uses the subsequent diffusion of protons(chemiosmosis) to synthesise ATP
  • oxygen accepts electrons & protons to form water
33
Q

How does ADP convert into ATP?

A
  • it is phosphorylated

Biology (28 decks)

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