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IB Biology HL > Topic 1.6: Cell Division > Flashcards

Topic 1.6: Cell Division Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Cycle

A

The cell cycle is an ordered set of events that culminates in cell division

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2
Q

Main Phases of the Cell Cycle

A

a) Interphase

b) M phase

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3
Q

Interphase

A

An active phase of the cell cycle where many metabolic reactions occur

a) G1
b) S
c) G2

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4
Q

G1

A

Cell grows and prepares for DNA replication

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5
Q

S

A

Synthesis stage in which DNA is replicated

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6
Q

G2

A

Cell finishes growing and prepares for cell division

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7
Q

M Phase

A

The period of a cell cycle in which the cell and contents divide

a) Mitosis
b) Cytokinesis

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

Nuclear division, whereby DNA is separated into two identical nuclei

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Cytoplasmic division, whereby cellular contents are segregated and the cell splits into two

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10
Q

Key events in Interphase for division (Doctor)

A

a) DNA replication (S)
b) Organelle duplication (G2)
c) Cell growth
d) Transcription / Translation
e) Obtain nutrients
f) Respiration

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11
Q

How and when do chromosomes condense?

A

By supercoiling during mitosis

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

a) DNA loosely packed

b) Accessible to transcription and translation

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13
Q

Chromosome

A

a) DNA tightly packed
b) Inaccessible to transcription
c) Organized into chromosomes

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14
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Genetically identical strands of DNA joined at a centromere

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15
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

a) Prophase
b) Metaphase
c) Anaphase
d) Telophase

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16
Q

Prophase

A

a) DNA supercoils and condenses (forms visible chromosomes)
b) Nuclear membrane dissolves
c) Centrosomes move to poles and begin to produce spindle fibres

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17
Q

Metaphase

A

a) Centrosome spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome
b) Spindle fibres contract and move the chromosomes towards the cell centre
c) Chromosomes form a line along the equator of the cell

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18
Q

Anaphase

A

a) Spindle fibres continue to contract
b) Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite sides of the cell
c) Sister chromatids are now regarded as two separate chromosomes

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19
Q

Telophase

A

a) Chromosomes decondense (DNA forms chromatin)
b) Nuclear membranes form around the two identical chromosome sets
c) Cytokinesis occurs concurrently

20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

a) Cytoplasmic division occurs to divide the cell into two daughter cells
b) Each daughter cell contains one copy of each identical sister chromatid
c) Daughter cells are genetically identical

21
Q

Interphase

A

a) DNA is uncondensed (chromatin)
b) DNA is replicated (S phase) to form genetically identical sister chromatids
c) Cell grows in size and organelles are duplicated (G1 and G2)

22
Q

Cytokinesis in Animals

A

Microtubules form a concentric ring and contract towards the centre (centripetal)

23
Q

Cytokinesis in Plants

A

Vesicles form at the cell centre and fuse outwards to form a cell plate (centrifugal)

24
Q

Mitotic index

A

Measure of the proliferation status of a cell population (i.e. number of dividing cells)

25
Q

Function of the Mitotic Index

A

a) The mitotic index will be elevated during growth and repair processes
b) Acts as a prognostic tool for cancer

26
Q

Cyclins

A

Proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle

27
Q

Cyclins process

A

a) Cyclins bind to cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs)
b) The activated complex phosphorylates proteins involved in specific cell cycle events (e.g. centrosome duplication)
b) After the event has occurred, the cyclin is degraded and the cyclin dependent kinase is rendered inactive

28
Q

Cyclin Expression Patterns

A

a) Cyclin concentrations need to be tightly regulated to ensure the cell cycle progresses in a proper sequence
b) Cyclin levels will peak when their target protein is required for function and remain at lower levels after

29
Q

Tumours

A

Abnormal cell growths resulting

30
Q

Cancer

A

Diseases caused by uncontrolled cell division

31
Q

Types of tumour cells

A

a) Benign (Remain in their original location)

b) Malignant (Invade neighbouring tissue)

32
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer from an original site to a new body location (forming a secondary tumor)

33
Q

Mutagen

A

Agent that changes the genetic material of cells

34
Q

Examples of mutagens

A

a) Radiation (X-rays / UV)
b) Reactive oxygen species and metals
c) Viruses / Bacteria

35
Q

Carcinogens

A

Mutagens that lead to the formation of cancer

36
Q

Oncogene

A

Gene that has the potential to cause cancer

37
Q

Proto-oncogenes (Gas)

A

Stimulate cell growth and proliferation

38
Q

Tumour suppressor (Brakes)

A

Repress cell cycle progression

39
Q

Correlation between smoking and incidence of cancers

A

a) There is a strong positive correlation between the frequency of smoking and the incidence of cancer
b) Cigarette smoke contains >60 known carcinogens

40
Q

Mechanisms of Cell Death

A

a) Necrosis (uncontrolled ‘cell homicide’)

b) Apoptosis (programmed ‘cell suicide’)

41
Q

Necrosis (uncontrolled ‘cell homicide’)

A

a) The cell loses functional control due to injury, toxins, etc.
b) There is a destabilization of the membranes, leading to swelling
c) The cell bursts and releases its contents (causing inflammation)

42
Q

Apoptosis (programmed ‘cell suicide’)

A

a) It is a controlled event triggered by mitochondrial proteins
b) Cell contents are packaged in membranous protrusions
c) The cell fragments into apoptotic bodies which are recycled

43
Q

Cell Cycle Checkpoints

A

a) G1 checkpoint
b) G2 checkpoint
c) Metaphase checkpoint

44
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

a) Monitors potential growth conditions (nutrients, etc.)

b) Assesses level of DNA damage (from UV, etc.)

45
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

a) Monitors state of pre-mitotic cell (suitable size, etc.)

b) Identifies and repairs any DNA replication errors

46
Q

Metaphase checkpoint

A

Ensures proper alignment (prevents aneuploidy)

IB Biology HL (51 decks)

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