Topic 14 - Respiratory Pathologies 3

Question 1

What are the 2 main types of infection related respiratory pathologies?

Answer 1

1) Pneumonia
2) Tuberculosis

Question 2

An infection leading to inflammation of the parenchymal structures of the lungs, characterized by vascular permeability and hyperemia, leading to exudate formation that fills the alveolar spaces and distal bronchioles.

Answer 2

Pneumonia (aka. Pneumonitis)

Question 3

_________, resulting in pneumonia is a major contributor to death and hospitalization among the elderly.

Answer 3

Influenza

Question 4

What are the 2 main types of pneumonia?

Answer 4

1) Lobar Pneumonia
2) Bronchopneumonia

Question 5

Pneumonia can be caused by _________ (e.g. bacteria, virus, fungus, parasites) via:
- Aspiration of contaminated secretion
- Inhalation of infected airborne droplets
- Direct extension of an acute inflammatory process from an adjacent organ/structure (e.g. flu, viral infection to upper respiratory tract)
- Bacteremia

Answer 5

Infection

Question 6

Another cause of pneumonia would be anytime the body’s normal defenses are deficient, making it an _____________ disease. This is especially apparent with _______ patients and immunocompromised individuals.

Answer 6

Opportunistic
Elderly

Question 7

Pneumonia affecting a whole lobe or a large section of the lobe of a lung. It commonly arises due to a streptococcal bacterial infection.

Answer 7

Lobar Pneumonia

Question 8

T/F - Lobar pneumonia is usually delayed onset, affecting an otherwise healthy person.

Answer 8

False - Lobar pneumonia is usually RAPID onset, affecting an otherwise healthy person.

Question 9

Signs and symptoms of _____ pneumonia include:
- High fever, chills, fatigue and loss of appetite
- Acute, violent productive cough leading to severe pleuritic pain and/or severe dyspnea
- Possible hemoptysis due to damaged lung tissue

Answer 9

Lobar

Question 10

_____________ of lobar pneumonia include:
- Endocarditis
- Meningitis
- Pleural adhesion
- Chronic bronchitis

Answer 10

Complications

Question 11

T/F - Lobar pneumonia is now fully treatable with antibiotics.

Answer 11

True

Question 12

What are the 4 stages of lobar pneumonia?

Answer 12

1) Congestion
2) Red Hepatization
3) Gray Hepatization
4) Resolution

Question 13

The __________ stage of lobar pneumonia can be described as:
- Lasts 48 hours
- Inflammation and congestion in lungs
- Vascular congestion, intra-alveolar fluid, small numbers of neutrophils, often numerous bacteria, heavy and hyperaemic lung

Answer 13

Congestion

Question 14

The ___ ____________ stage of lobar pneumonia can be described as:
- Vascular congestion persists
- Capillary rupture leads to red blood cell leakage into alveolar space
- Increased neutrophils and fibrin
- Exudate fills alveoli which makes the affected lobe appear solid and reddish in colour

Answer 14

Red Hepatization

Question 15

The ____ ____________ stage of lobar pneumonia can be described as:
- Red cells disintegrate, with persistence of the neutrophils and fibrin
- The alveoli still appear as a solid mass, but overall the colour is paler and the surface is drier

Answer 15

Gray Hepatization

Question 16

The whole process of hepatization lasts from __ to __ days.

Answer 16

5-7 days

Question 17

The __________ stage of lobar pneumonia cane be described as:
- Lasts days to weeks, depending on severity
- Exudate is broken down by enzymes and cleared by macrophages or by cough mechanism

Answer 17

Resolution

Question 18

Pneumonia often caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria, but can also be of viral or fungal origin. Presents as diffuse and bilateral patches of inflammation around the terminal bronchioles and alveoli, affecting one or several lobes of the lungs.

Answer 18

Bronchopneumonia

Question 19

Bronchopneumonia usually has a slower, _________ onset, affecting those people already debilitated or ________________ (e.g. elderly, infants, AIDS patients), and usually takes much longer to run its course than lobar pneumonia.

Answer 19

Insidious
Immunosuppressed

Question 20

Bronchopneumonia rarely reaches the resolution phase, becoming _______ with remission and relapse. It may lead to _____ in an already compromised person.

Answer 20

Chronic
Death

Question 21

T/F - It is easy to distinguish bronchopneumonia from another existing primary pathology in a debilitated patient.

Answer 21

False - It MAY BE DIFFICULT to distinguish bronchopneumonia from another existing primary pathology in a debilitated patient.

Question 22

Signs and symptoms of ________________ include:
- Low grade fever
- Fatigue
- Mild cough
- Slowly increasing lung congestion

Answer 22

Bronchopneumonia

Question 23

Complications of pneumonia include:
- _______ formation
- Spread of the infection to the pleural cavity (_________)
- Replacement of exudate by fibroblasts

Answer 23

Abscess
Pleuritis

Question 24

A highly virulent, infectious disease that is caused by the mycobacterium bacilli ____________.

Answer 24

Tuberculosis (TB)

Question 25

TB is spread through ________ transmission of tubercle bacillus, especially in densely _________ areas and areas of poor hygiene, malnutrition and/or poverty.

Answer 25

Airborne
Populated

Question 26

T/F - TB is the most common cause of infectious disease-related mortality worldwide.

Answer 26

True

Question 27

Prevalence of tuberculosis in Canada is low, but remains high among _____ _______ peoples and in persons that were ____ in other countries with a high incidence of TB.

Answer 27

First Nations
Born

Question 28

Challenges to global TB control include the ongoing TB-____ co-epidemic and the spread of ____-_________ TB strains.

Answer 28

HIV
Drug-Resistant

Question 29

How many stages of TB are there?

Answer 29

3