Topic 14 - Respiratory Pathologies 3 Flashcards
What are the 2 main types of infection related respiratory pathologies?
1) Pneumonia
2) Tuberculosis
An infection leading to inflammation of the parenchymal structures of the lungs, characterized by vascular permeability and hyperemia, leading to exudate formation that fills the alveolar spaces and distal bronchioles.
Pneumonia (aka. Pneumonitis)
_________, resulting in pneumonia is a major contributor to death and hospitalization among the elderly.
Influenza
What are the 2 main types of pneumonia?
1) Lobar Pneumonia
2) Bronchopneumonia
Pneumonia can be caused by _________ (e.g. bacteria, virus, fungus, parasites) via:
- Aspiration of contaminated secretion
- Inhalation of infected airborne droplets
- Direct extension of an acute inflammatory process from an adjacent organ/structure (e.g. flu, viral infection to upper respiratory tract)
- Bacteremia
Infection
Another cause of pneumonia would be anytime the body’s normal defenses are deficient, making it an _____________ disease. This is especially apparent with _______ patients and immunocompromised individuals.
Opportunistic
Elderly
Pneumonia affecting a whole lobe or a large section of the lobe of a lung. It commonly arises due to a streptococcal bacterial infection.
Lobar Pneumonia
T/F - Lobar pneumonia is usually delayed onset, affecting an otherwise healthy person.
False - Lobar pneumonia is usually RAPID onset, affecting an otherwise healthy person.
Signs and symptoms of _____ pneumonia include:
- High fever, chills, fatigue and loss of appetite
- Acute, violent productive cough leading to severe pleuritic pain and/or severe dyspnea
- Possible hemoptysis due to damaged lung tissue
Lobar
_____________ of lobar pneumonia include:
- Endocarditis
- Meningitis
- Pleural adhesion
- Chronic bronchitis
Complications
T/F - Lobar pneumonia is now fully treatable with antibiotics.
True
What are the 4 stages of lobar pneumonia?
1) Congestion
2) Red Hepatization
3) Gray Hepatization
4) Resolution
The __________ stage of lobar pneumonia can be described as:
- Lasts 48 hours
- Inflammation and congestion in lungs
- Vascular congestion, intra-alveolar fluid, small numbers of neutrophils, often numerous bacteria, heavy and hyperaemic lung
Congestion
The ___ ____________ stage of lobar pneumonia can be described as:
- Vascular congestion persists
- Capillary rupture leads to red blood cell leakage into alveolar space
- Increased neutrophils and fibrin
- Exudate fills alveoli which makes the affected lobe appear solid and reddish in colour
Red Hepatization
The ____ ____________ stage of lobar pneumonia can be described as:
- Red cells disintegrate, with persistence of the neutrophils and fibrin
- The alveoli still appear as a solid mass, but overall the colour is paler and the surface is drier
Gray Hepatization
The whole process of hepatization lasts from __ to __ days.
5-7 days
The __________ stage of lobar pneumonia cane be described as:
- Lasts days to weeks, depending on severity
- Exudate is broken down by enzymes and cleared by macrophages or by cough mechanism
Resolution
Pneumonia often caused by staphylococcus or streptococcus bacteria, but can also be of viral or fungal origin. Presents as diffuse and bilateral patches of inflammation around the terminal bronchioles and alveoli, affecting one or several lobes of the lungs.
Bronchopneumonia
Bronchopneumonia usually has a slower, _________ onset, affecting those people already debilitated or ________________ (e.g. elderly, infants, AIDS patients), and usually takes much longer to run its course than lobar pneumonia.
Insidious
Immunosuppressed
Bronchopneumonia rarely reaches the resolution phase, becoming _______ with remission and relapse. It may lead to _____ in an already compromised person.
Chronic
Death
T/F - It is easy to distinguish bronchopneumonia from another existing primary pathology in a debilitated patient.
False - It MAY BE DIFFICULT to distinguish bronchopneumonia from another existing primary pathology in a debilitated patient.
Signs and symptoms of ________________ include:
- Low grade fever
- Fatigue
- Mild cough
- Slowly increasing lung congestion
Bronchopneumonia
Complications of pneumonia include:
- _______ formation
- Spread of the infection to the pleural cavity (_________)
- Replacement of exudate by fibroblasts
Abscess
Pleuritis
A highly virulent, infectious disease that is caused by the mycobacterium bacilli ____________.
Tuberculosis (TB)
TB is spread through ________ transmission of tubercle bacillus, especially in densely _________ areas and areas of poor hygiene, malnutrition and/or poverty.
Airborne
Populated
T/F - TB is the most common cause of infectious disease-related mortality worldwide.
True
Prevalence of tuberculosis in Canada is low, but remains high among _____ _______ peoples and in persons that were ____ in other countries with a high incidence of TB.
First Nations
Born
Challenges to global TB control include the ongoing TB-____ co-epidemic and the spread of ____-_________ TB strains.
HIV
Drug-Resistant
How many stages of TB are there?
3
