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HL Chem > Topic 10/20 > Flashcards

Topic 10/20 Flashcards

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1
Q

Ethene + bromine chloride

Where does hydrogen go and wehre does chlorine go and what becomes carbocation

A

Most hydrogens accepts more positive halogen (Br) which has the most hydrogens and carbon with likely other carbons becomes carbocation and that is where cl goes

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2
Q

Trends in boiling point for organic compounds (7)

A

Alkane, halogenoalkane, aldehyde, ketone, amine, alcohol, carboxylic acid

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3
Q

Conformational vs configurational isomer

A

Conformational rotate around sigma bond and configurational occur in alkenes or cycoalknes and break and reform bond or rearrangement of stereocenter

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4
Q

Free radical substitution

A

Inition
Cl2 = 2ClR
propagation
CH4 + ClR = RCH3 + HCl
CH3R + Cl2 = CH3CL + ClR
Termination
ClR + ClR = Cl2
RCh3 + RCH3 = C2H6

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5
Q

Oxidation reactions and their OA

A

Primary alcohol, potassium dichromate
- If aldehyde, distillation, if carboxylic acid, reflux

Secondary alcohol, potassium dichomate
- To ketone

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6
Q

Alkyne to alkene

A

H2 and Pt

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7
Q

Alkene to alcohol

A

H20 and H2SO4

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8
Q

Carboxylic acid + alochol to ester

A

water

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9
Q

Nucleophillic substitutiion

A

Sn1 and Sn1

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10
Q

Electrophillic addition

A

Ethenes and breaking those bonds

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11
Q

Electrophillic substitution

A

Nitration of benzene

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12
Q

Solvents for Sn1 and Sn2

A

Polar protic and aproptic polar respectively

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13
Q

Why is hydroxide a better nucleophile than water?

A

More negative vs water is netural

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14
Q

Is Sn1 or Sn2 faster. Why?

A

Sn1, because only depends on concentration of one reactant

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15
Q

What ion is used in electrophillic substituion

A

No2+

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16
Q

Reduction reactions and their RA

A

Carboxlyic acid to primary alcohol, LiAlH4
Aldehydte to primary alcohol sodium borohydride
Ketone to secondary alcohol, sodium borohydride

17
Q

Nitrobenzne to phenylamine

A

1) Tin and concentration HCL
2) Aqueous OH and heated under reflux

18
Q

Define stereoisomer

A

Identical molecular and structural formula but different spatial arrangement of atoms

Has chiral carbon

19
Q

Trends in boiling points (molar mass, branched chain, and functional group)

A

1) Molar mass increase, boiling point because stronger LDF
2) Branched chain are more spherical so less surface contact, thus weaker IMF and lower boiling points
3) Polar groups have stronger dipole dipole so higher boiling. Also OH and NH can form hydrogen bonds, explaining why amine, alcohol, and carboxylic acid

20
Q

In which molecules are configurational isomers?

A

Alkenes and cyclic alkanes

21
Q

Distinguish polar protic and aprotic polar solvent

A

polar protic have OH or NH so form hydrogen bonds, aprotic cannot form hydrogen bonds

22
Q

Naming esters

A

Alcohol first and carboxlyic acid second (between O and ending in oate)

alcohol is on the outside

23
Q

WHat is hydrogenation and what conditions does it occur?

A

Alkene and hydrogen gas, nickel catalyst

24
Q

Reaction for combination of nitric and sulfuric acid for the nitration of benzene

A

2H2SO4 + HNO3 = NO2+ + 2HSO4- + H30+

25
Q

Formula for calculating number of optical isomers

A

2n = where n = number of chiral centres

26
Q

Which functional group is basic?

A

amine

27
Q

Reasoning behind Markovnikov’s rule

A

Formation of more stable seconday/tertiary carbocation because of inductive effect because of extra alkyl group (s)

28
Q

How to make nitrile from halogenalkane?

A

Halogenoalkane + cn- = nitrile + halogen ion

By Sn2 reaction

29
Q

Colour change of bromine in test for unsaturation?

A

brown to colourless

30
Q

Why does benzne undergo substitution more readily than addition?

A

Resonance makes carbon-carbon bonds too strong to break

31
Q

How are primary, secondary and teritary amines classified?

A

Number of alkyl groups on the nitrogen

primary - 1 group

32
Q

Heterolytic fission of chlorine

A

Electrophillic addition, and substitution for electrophillic and nucleophillic

33
Q

Drawing stereoisomers using wedge-dash notation

A

Halogen is wedge and hydrogen is dash

HL Chem (13 decks)

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