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Chemistry > Optional: Biochemistry > Flashcards

Optional: Biochemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Km

A

Inverse measure of affinity of enzyme for a substrate

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1
Q

How to convert between exponenital and log form?

A

a^x = b
x = loga b

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2
Q

Iodine number

A

(Mass of iodine reacted/mass of lipid) *100

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3
Q

Site of reactivity and conditions that favour oxidative and hydrolytic rancidity

A

Oxidative: Carbon=carbon unsaturated bond and light
Hydrolytic: ester and high heat and temperature

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4
Q

Describe the function of chlorophyll in photosynthesis. (2)

A

Aborbs light energy and transfers electrons

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5
Q

Bonding in cellulose, starch and glycogen

A

Cellulose: straight chain 1-4 beta
Starch: Amylose 1-4 alpha straight, branched chain amylopectin alpha 1-4 and 1-6
Glycogen: Highly branched like amylopectin but more 1-6 bonds

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6
Q

Suggest why glycine and isoleucine separate slightly at pH = 6.5

A

They are different sizes/molar masses so they move at different speeds

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7
Q

Functional group responsible for holding protein in secondary structure

A

Carboxamide

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8
Q

Explain why linoleic acid, C18H32O2, is a more efficient energy storage molecule than raffinose, C18H32O16 (2)

A

Linoleic acid is more exothermic and less oxidized so can be oxidized and lose more e providing energy

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9
Q

What does water solubility depend on

A

Forming MANY hydrogen bonds with water

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10
Q

Whcih fat has highest boiling point?

A

Straight chain, saturated, more LDF

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11
Q

General formula of carbohydrate

A

Cx(H2O)y

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12
Q

Why is Vitamin D soluable in fats?

A

Hydrcarbon chain forms LDF with fats

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13
Q

How do heavy metals decrease enzyme action?

A

They react with enzyme, breaking disulfide bonds

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14
Q

Suggest one challenge scientists face when scaling up synthesis of a new compound

A

Minimizing negative impact on environemnt and considering atom economy

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15
Q

Why is DNA negatively charged

A

Phosphate group ionized

16
Q

Why do anthocyanins absorb visible light?

A

Extensive conjugation

17
Q

Explain the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve at the start (low oxygen partial pressure?

A

Oxygen binds to first active site of hemoglobin which alters shape of other active sites

Cooperative binding causes increased affinity of hemoglobin to O2

**no coperative binding in mygolbin cause only 1 heme group

18
Q

Outline how the formation of 11-trans-retinal results in the generation of nerve signals to the brain (2)

A

11 trans retinal no longer fits into rhodspin, leading to conformational change in rhodospin to opsin generating signals

19
Q

What allows rhodospin to abosrb visible light?

A

Extensive conjugation

20
Q

Vision cycle (3)

A

Extensive conjugation. Vitamin A is oxdized to 11-cis retinal. Cis retinal binds to opsin forming rhodospin . When visible light absorbed, cis-retinal changes to trans retinal which triggers nerve signal. Trans retinal detatches from opsin and is converted back to cis retinal

21
Q

Determine iodine number when given molar mass of compound

A

1) mass of iodine x number of double bonds
2) (1)/molar mass of compounds * 100

22
Q

How can inclusion of starch in plastics make them biodegradable?

A
  • Carbohydrates make plastic more hydrophillic
  • Carbohydrates are broken down by bacteria
  • Carbohydrates weakens LDF between polymer chains in the plastic
23
Q

Define GMO

A

Organism whose DNA has been altered by genetic engineering techniques

24
Q

Wedge and dash of amino acids?

A

Wedge: Nh2
Dash R group

25
Q

Diffeence between glucose and galactose

A

H and OH are reversed on C-4

26
Q

D vs L sugars and alpha vs beta

A

On chiral carbon furthest from aldehyde or ketone group

D - hydrxoyl right
L - hydroxyl left

Alpha - OH below plane C1
Beta - OH above plane C1

27
Q

Why are cellulose fibers strong?

A

Long straight chains, held by lots of H bonds that make microfibrils

28
Q

Why is cellulose important part of diet?

A

Adds fiber and prevents obesity

29
Q

Convert between straight chain and cyclic

A

1) carbon in straight chain, carbonyl group highest priority
2) hydroxyl on second last carbon
3) O from hydroxyl bonds with c 2 and H joins with carbonyl oxygen to form hydroxyl on second carbon

30
Q

Why is atom economy not always a good measure of sustainability

A

Doesnt take into account catalysts which are renewable and promote pathway of less energy

31
Q

Hemoglobin vs myoglibin

A

Hemo - 4 polypeptide chains and 4 heme groups, transport O2 and CO2 in bloodstream
Myo - 1 polypeptide chain and 1 heme goup, store O2

Heme group binds to oxygen for hemoglobin to transfer which causes oxidation from iron II to iron III then reduction when oxygen released to cell for respiration, myoglobin

32
Q

why do lipids produce more energy than carbs?

A

Larger number of reduced carbons so can be oxidized easier

33
Q

Does quinodal base or flavilum red predominent at pH 12

A

Quinodal loss of proton and positive ion unlikely

34
Q

Similarity between myoglobbin and hemoglbin

A

Fe cation

Chemistry (13 decks)

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