Topic 1- Education Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of culture?

A

Things that are learned and shared by a society or group of people, passed down through generations.

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2
Q

What are values?

A

General principles or goals, a guide for society for what is good and what we should aim for.

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3
Q

What are norms?

A

The specific rules that govern behaviour in particular situations.

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4
Q

What are sanctions?

A

Anything that encourages people to conform to norms, rewards are positive sanctions, punishments are negative sanctions, they are a form of social control.

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5
Q

What is Socialisation?

A

Learning all the things that are necessary for us to be accepted as full members of society, socialisation begins when we are born and continues throughout your life.

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6
Q

What does it mean to internalise culture?

A

Where norms and values become a part of us.

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7
Q

What is Primary Socialisation?

A

We learn norms and values from within a family environment.

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8
Q

What is Secondary Socialisation?

A

Where we learn norms and values from outside the family, for example, at school, in religious groups or with friends.

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9
Q

What is the difference between ascribed and achieved status?

A

Ascribed status is the status that we are born with, achieved status is the status we work towards and achieve.

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10
Q

What is a role?

A

A set of norms, behaviour that is expected from your status.

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11
Q

What are the two types of identity?

A

The Self- A person’s subjective awareness of their personality, helps to shape how they project their personality.
Social Identity- How a person is viewed by others, how a person manages social expectations.

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12
Q

What is Social Stratification?

A

Inequalities between groups, use the concept of ‘life chances’ to describe these things, different gender and ethnic groups tend to have differing ‘life chances’.

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13
Q

Cultural Deprivation

What do Hubbs-tait et al say about a parents’ communication in relation to a child’s cognitive development?

External Factor 1 (language, parents’ education, WC subculture)

A

A child’s cognitive performance improves when parents use language that makes children evaluate their own understanding, so parent’s involvement is an important factor.

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14
Q

Cultural Deprivation

What does Feinstein say about language used by parents?

External Factor 1(language, parents’ education, WC subcultures)

A

Eduacted parents are more likely to use praise and metacognitive language (explaining how you get to certain conclusions).

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15
Q

C.D

What to Bereiter and Engelmann say about the language used in lower class homes and what is it’s impact on the children?

E.F.1(language, parents’ education and WC subcultures)

A

Their language is deficient, therefore, childrem don’t gain the necessary language skills and are incapable of abstract thinking.

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16
Q

C.D

Who came up with speech codes and what are they?

E.F.1(language, parents’ education, WC subcultures)

A

-Bernstein
-Restricted Code= used by the WC, limited vocab, not analytical
-Elaborated Code= used by the MC, wider vocab, communicates abstract ideas

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17
Q

C.D

What did Douglas say about working class parents?

E.F.1(language, parents’ education, WC subcultures)

A

Working class parents place less value on education and take less of an interest, leaving kids less motivated.

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18
Q

C.D

What do Bernstein and Young say about a parent’s usage of income in relation to a childs’ learning?

E.F.1(language, parents’ education, WC subcultures)

A

-Middle class mothers buy educational toys and educational activities, whereas, working class parents don’t have the money to provide these things
-Middle class mothers also buy healthier food (better undertsanding of nutrition)

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19
Q

C.D

What does Sugarman say are the 4 key features that act as a barrier to educational achievement or the working class subculture?

E.F.1 (WCS)

A

-fatalism= nothing you can do to change your status
-collectivism= belonging to a group is more important than individual success
-immediate gratification= preferring pleasure now, not sacrificing for the future
-present-time orienatation= not have long-term goals or plans

20
Q

C.D

What was Operation Head Start?

E.F.1 (WCS)

A

-‘planned enrichment’ of the deprived childs’ environment to develop their skills
-TV Sesame Street was made to transmit values, attitudes and skills for educational success

21
Q

Opposition to C.D

Which Sociologists believe that cultural deprivation is a myth?

E.F.1 (opposition)

A

Troyna and Williams= language isn’t the problem, there is a ‘speech hierarchy’

22
Q

Material Deprivation

What housing problems could impact a child’s learning?

External Factor 2 (housing)

A

-overcrowding= unable to complete educational activities
-lack of space= more risk of accidents, cold/damp housing could make a child ill and absent from school
-temporary accommodation= more stress on the child

23
Q

M.D

Which sociologists discuss diet and health to do with material deprivation? And what do they say?

E.F.2 (diet and health)

A

-Howard= people in poorer homes have poorer nutrition causing more illness and therefore more absence
-Wilkinson= the lower the social class, the higher the rate of hyperactivity, anxiety and other disorders
-Blanden and Machin= WC children more likelu to be involved in ‘externalising behaviour (fights), causing exclusions from school

24
Q

M.D

Which sociologists discuss the cost of education to do with material deprivation? And what do they say?

E.F.2 (The cost of education)

A

-Bull= ‘the costs of free schooling’
-Tanner et al= the cost of school equipment and clothes places a heavy burden on poorer families (children may have to have hand me downs)
-Flaherty= fear of stigma (pupils may be reluctant to receive help)
-Smith and Noble= poverty acts as a barrier as people can’t afford tutoring if it’s needed
-Ridge= found that poorer kids take on jobs, meaning less time is spent of learning

25
# M.D Which sociologists discuss the fear of debt relating to material deprivation? And what do they? | E.F.2 (Fear of Debt)
-Callender and Jackson= WC students are more debt averse, more costs than benefits at uni, they are 5 times less likely to apply -Reay= WC students are more likely to apply to local unis, saving the cost of accommodation and travel cost, they were also able to work part-time -National Audit Office= WC students spend twice as much time in paid work, in order to reduce their debts
26
What theory did Keddie apply to help analyse the operation of streaming in schools?
Becker's Labelling Theory -teachers lablled middle class children as 'ideal pupils' and they tended to be treated more fairly than working class children -therefore middle class children were placed in higher streams
27
What strong correlation did Ball find linking to education?
A correlation between the bands children were placed in at school and their parent's occupation -He linked this to the process of positive and negative labelling done by teachers -Children could have received a negative self-fulfilling prophecy and differential educational achievement
28
Woods
identifies a range of ways in which pupils may 'adapt' to their schooling environment -ingratiation = where a child wants to integratiate themselves with teachers, whereas other children opt for compliance, which is not as strong as adaption but reflects a degree of conformity
29
What is a negative adaption that Woods identifies?
-rebllion, the children reject the goals and values of the school, so they subscribe to an anti-school subculture
30
What are some material external factors that could impact educational achievement?
poverty, home circumstances and catchment area
31
what are some cultural external factors that could impact educational achievement?
parental lack of education and aptitudes towards education, language use and lack of cultural capital
32
What does the Joseph Rowntree Foundation highlight?
the importance of poverty and low incomes in relation to the impact of children's education attainment
33
What did the JRF conclude about child poverty?
The JRF concluded that child poverty constituted a significant barrier to educational success and reflects continued class inequalities in the UK.
34
Halsey
argues that education fails to offer equality of opportunity for all children. argues that lack of economic resources was the most important factor in determining whether a child would stay in post-compulsory education or not, these children should be given financial aid.
35
# M.D What do Callender & Jackson say about the working class and debt? | E.F.2 (Fear of Debt)
they are debt averse and therefore 5x less likely to apply to uni
36
# M.D What does Reay say about WC students, university locaction and part time jobs | E.F.2 (Fear of Debt)
they are more likely to attend more local unis and get a part time job, this could be because of lack of financial support -only 30% of the working class attend uni
37
# M.D What does Feinstein say about educated parents and finance?
They will contribute to their child's education, regardless of their income
38
# M.D What do Mortimore & Whitty argue about material factors?
They have the greatest effect on achievement
39
# Cultural Capital What are Bourdieau's 3 capitals? | E.F.3
economic, educational and cultural
40
# C.C What does cultural capital refer too? | E.F.3(Cultural Capital)
the knowledge, attitudes, values, language, tastes and abilities of the middle class
41
# C.C Why would the middle class understand the education system better? | E.F.3(Cultural Capital)
Because of their socialisation
42
# C.C What might the working-class do if they feel inferior?
-truant lessons or discontinue their education after the compulsory time
43
# C.C What is an example that supports the Bourdieau's example that all 3 of his capitals can be converted into one? | E.F.3
wealthy parents -->use economic capital for private education --> their child then gains educational capital
44
# C.C Which sociologists talk about this idea of 'selection by mortgage'? And what is this? | E.F.3(Economic Capital)
-Leech & Campos -where the middle class can afford houses in catchment, so their children are more likely to get into schools
45
# C.C What did Sullivan's study using questionnaires to study cultural capital discover? | E.F.3
there is a remaining class difference in achievement and middle class families have more educational resources to provide their children with
46