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GCSE biology > Topic 1 - Cell biology > Flashcards

Topic 1 - Cell biology Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two types of cells?

A

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

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2
Q

What is a prokaryote cell?

A

small simple, single celled organism

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3
Q

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A

complex and include animal and plant cells

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4
Q

What are the five features in an animal cell?

A
  • nucleus
  • cell membrane
  • cytoplasm
  • mitochondria
  • ribosomes
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5
Q

What does the nucleus do?

A

contains genetic information that controls activity of cell

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6
Q

What does the cell membrane do?

A

holds cell together and controls what goes in + out.

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7
Q

What does the cytoplasm do?

A
  • gel like substance where most chemical reactions take place
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8
Q

What does the mitochondria do?

A

most reactions for aerobic respiration take place

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9
Q

What do the ribosomes do?

A

where proteins are made

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10
Q

What sub cellular structures do plant cells have?>

A
  • cell wall
  • permanent vacuole
  • chloroplasts
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11
Q

What does the cell wall do?

A
  • made of cellulose

- supports and strengthens cell

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12
Q

What does the permanent vacuole do?

A

-contains cell sap

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13
Q

what do chloroplasts do?

A
  • photosynthesis occurs which makes food for plants

- contain chlorophyll, which absorb light for photosynthesis

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14
Q

What structures do bacterial cells have?

A
  • cytoplasm
  • cell membrane
  • cell wall
  • plasmids §
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15
Q

How do light microscopes work?

A

use light and lenses to form an image of a specimen and magnify it

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16
Q

Explain electron microscopes?

A

use electrons instead of light to form an image

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17
Q

Benefits of electron microscopes?

A
  • higher magnification
  • higher resolution
  • lets us see smaller things in more detail
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18
Q

define resolution?

A

ability to distinguish between two points

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19
Q

How do you work out magnification?

A

image size / real size

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20
Q

Briefly explain how to prepare a slide?

A
  • drop of water onto clean slide
  • peel small layer of specimen
  • use tweezers to place epidermal tissue into water
  • add drop of iodine solution ( stains it)
  • place cover slip
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21
Q

What is a slide?

A

a clear strip of glass or plastic onto which a specimen is mounted

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22
Q

What is differentiation?

A

process by which a cell changes to become specialised for its job

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23
Q

When does most differentiation occur?

A

as an organism develops

24
Q

What are undifferentiated cells?

A

stem cells

25
Q

Explain sperm cell specialisation?

A
  • for reproduction ( carry male DNA to female DNA)
  • long tail + streamlined head
  • lots of mitochondria in cell for energy
  • carries enzymes in its head to digest through egg cell membrane
26
Q

Explain nerve cell specialisation?

A
  • for rapid signally or to carry electrical pulses from one part of body to other
  • long to cover more distance
  • branched connections at end to connect to other nerve cells and form a network throughout body
27
Q

Explain muscle cell specialisation?

A
  • contract quickly
  • long for space to contract
  • contain lots of mitochondria to generate energy for contraction
28
Q

Explain root hair cell specialisation?

A
  • absorbing water and minerals

- long hairs with big surface area form absorbing water + mineral ions from soil

29
Q

Phloem + xylem specialisation?

A
  • transporting substances
  • long and joined end to end
  • xylem are hollow In the centre and phloem cells have very few sub cellular structures so stuff can flow through
30
Q

What do chromosomes contain?

A

genetic information

31
Q

what are chromosomes/

A

coiled up length of DNA molecules

32
Q

what do different genes control?

A

development of different characteristics

33
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes does a human cell have?

A

23

34
Q

What does the cell cycle make new cells for?

A

growth, development and repair

35
Q

What is the stage in the cell cycle where cell divides called?

A

mitosis

36
Q

What does the end of the cell cycle result in?

A
  • two new cells identical to the original cell, with same number of chromosomes
37
Q

What are the two stages in the cell cycle/

A

mitosis, growth and DNA replication

38
Q

Explain the growth and DNA replication stage?

A
  • cell grows and increases the amount of sub cellular structures such as mitochondria and ribosomes
  • duplicates DNA, which is copied to form X shaped chromosomes
39
Q

Explain the mitosis part of cell cycle?

A
  • chromosomes line up at the centre of cell and cell fibres pull them apart.
  • two arms of each chromosome go to opposite end of cell
  • membranes form around each of the sets of chromosomes to become nuclei of two new cells
  • cytoplasm and cell membrane divide
40
Q

Explain the result of Mitosis?

A

two new identical daughter cells

41
Q

How do prokaryotic cells divide?

A

replicate by binary fission

42
Q

Explain binary fission?

A
  1. circular DNA and plasmid replicate
  2. cell gets bigger and circular DNA strands move to opposite poles of cell
  3. cytoplasm begins to divide, new cell wall begins to form
  4. cytoplasm divides and two daughter cells are produced - each has one copy of DNA but variable number of plasmids
43
Q

What are the right conditions for bacteria to divide?

A

warm, lots of nutrients

44
Q

How can you grow bacteria?

A

in a lab with a culture medium

45
Q

what are the two types of culture medium?

A
  • nutrient broth solution, solid agar jelly
46
Q

What will bacteria grown on an agar plate form?

A

visible colonies on the surface of jelly or will spread out to give an even covering

47
Q

Explain how to make an agar plate?

A
  • hot agar jelly poured into a Petri dish

- when jelly set and cooled, inoculating loop can be used to transfer micro organs to culture medium

48
Q

What can embryonic stem cells do?

A

turn into any type of cell

49
Q

Where can you find stem cells?

A

early human embryos and adult bone marrow

50
Q

What can adult bone marrow turn into ?

A

only turn into blood cells

51
Q

What are stem cells from bone marrow currently being used to treat?

A

replace faulty blood cells

52
Q

what are embryonic stem cells currently being used for?

A

insulin producing cells for people with diabetes or nerve cells for people with spinal cord injuries

53
Q

Why are people against stem cell research?

A
  • humans embryos shouldn’t be used for experiments as it is a human life
  • researchers should focus on other methods so people can be helped without embryos
54
Q

What are the advantages of stem cells?

A
  • more important to cure suffering patients then embryos

- usually unwanted anyway as from clinics and would be thrown out

55
Q

Where are stem cells found in plants?

A

meristems

56
Q

How are stem cells useful for plants?

A
  • can produce clones of whole plants quickly and cheaply

- produce clones of rare species

GCSE biology (9 decks)

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