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GCSE biology > Bioenergetics > Flashcards

Bioenergetics Flashcards

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1
Q

What does photosynthesis produce?

A

glucose and oxygen

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2
Q

Where does photosynthesis take place?

A

in chlorophyll, in chloroplasts in green plant cells

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3
Q

What do chlorophyll do?

A

absorb light

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4
Q

how is energy transferred to the chloroplasts from the environment?

A

by light

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5
Q

what type of reaction is photosynthesis?

A

endothermic, takes in energy from surroundings

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6
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water —-> glucose + oxygen

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7
Q

What is the symbol equation for photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H20 —> C6H12O6 + 6O2

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8
Q

What 5 things do plants use photosynthesis for?

A
  • respiration
  • making cellulose
  • making amino acids
  • stored as oils and fats
  • stored as starch
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9
Q

How is photosynthesis used for respiration?

A

transfers energy from glucose which enables the plants to convert the rest of the glucose into other substances

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10
Q

How is photosynthesis used for making cellulose?

A

glucose converted into cellulose for making strong plant walls

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11
Q

How is photosynthesis used for making amino acids?

A

glucose combined with nitrate ions to make amino acids which are then made into proteins

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12
Q

How is photosynthesis used for storing oils and fats?

A

glucose turned to lipids for storing in seeds

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13
Q

How is photosynthesis used for storing starch?

A

glucose turned to starch and stored in roots, stems and leaves for when photosynthesis doesn’t occur

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14
Q

What is the rate of photosynthesis effected by ?

A
  • light intensity
  • concentration of CO2
  • temperature
  • amount of chlorophyll
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15
Q

what is a limiting factor?

A

something stopping photosynthesis from happening any faster

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16
Q

How are distance and light intensity related?

A

as distance increases, light intensity decreases - inversely proportional

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17
Q

how do you measure light intensity?

A

1/d^2

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18
Q

How can you create an ideal environment for plants to grow?

A

using a greenhouse

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19
Q

What doe greenhouses help to do?

A

-trap suns heat and ensure temperature doesn’t become limiting

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20
Q

What does a paraffin heater do?

A

increases level of CO2 in a greenhouse

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21
Q

What are the disadvantages of using a greenhouse?

A
  • costs money
22
Q

What is respiration?

A

the process of transferring energy from glucose, which goes on in every cell.

23
Q

What do all living things do?

A

respire

24
Q

what type of reaction is respiration?

A

exothermic

25
Q

Give three examples of how organisms use the energy from respiration?

A
  • build larger molecules from smaller ones
  • to allow muscles to contract
  • in mammals and the birds it is used to keep body temperature steady in colder surroundings
26
Q

What is metabolism?

A

the sum total of all the chemical reactions in an organism

27
Q

What are chemical reactions controlled by?

A

enzymes

28
Q

Explain an example of when larger molecules are made from smaller ones?

A
  • small glucose molecules are joined together to make starch, glycogen and cellulose
29
Q

give an example of when larger molecules are broken down to make smaller ones?

A
  • glucose is broken down in respiration
30
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

respiration using oxygen, most efficient way to transfer energy from glucose

31
Q

When does aerobic respiration take place?

A

all the time in plants and animals

32
Q

Where do most the aerobic reactions take place?

A

Inside the mitochondria

33
Q

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen —> carbon dioxide + water

34
Q

What is the symbol equation for aerobic respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —> 6CO2 + 6H2O

35
Q

When is anaerobic respiration used?

A

When there is not enough oxygen, during exercise

36
Q

What does anaerobic mean?

A

without oxygen

37
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

the incomplete breakdown of glucose, making lactic acid

38
Q

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration ?

A

glucose —–> lactic acid

39
Q

What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?

A

anaerobic does not transfer as much energy as aerobic respiration because glucose isn’t fully oxidised

40
Q

What do plants and yeast cells produce?

A

ethanol and carbon dioxide

41
Q

what is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in plants in yeast?

A

glucose —> ethanol + carbon dioxide

42
Q

what is anaerobic respiration in plant and yeast cells called?

A

fermentation

43
Q

How is fermentation used in industry?

A

bread making, - carbon dioxide makes bread rise

beer and wine making - fermentation produces alcohol

44
Q

What do muscles need?

A

energy from respiration to contract

45
Q

What increases in order to get more oxygen into your blood?

A
  • breathing rate
  • breath volume increases
  • heart rate
46
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration bad?

A

lactic acid is produced which builds up in muscles and become painful

47
Q

What can long periods of excursive cause?

A

muscle fatigue

48
Q

What is oxygen debt ?

A

amount of extra oxygen your body needs to react with the build up of lactic acid and remove it from cells

49
Q

What stays high when there are high levels of lactic acid and CO2?

A
  • pulse

- breathing rate

50
Q

What else does the body do to cope with high levels of lactic acid?

A

blood in muscles transports the lactic acid to the liver. The liver then converts the lactic acid into glucose

51
Q

How can you measure breathing rate?

A

counting breaths

52
Q

How can you measure heart rate?

A

taking a pulse

GCSE biology (9 decks)

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