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GCSE biology > Infection and Responce > Flashcards

Infection and Responce Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 types of pathogen?

A
  • bacteria
  • viruses
  • protists
  • Fungi
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2
Q

What are pathogens?

A

microorganism’s that enter the body and cause disease

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3
Q

What is a communicable disease?

A

infectious disease that can spread easily

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4
Q

What can be infected by pathogens?

A

plants and animals

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5
Q

What are bacteria?

A

very small living cells which can reproduce rapidly inside your body
they can make you feel ill by producing toxins that damage cells and tissues

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6
Q

What are virsuses?

A
  • they are not cells
  • extremely tiny
  • reproduce rapidly inside body
  • live inside cells and replicate them using cells machinery to produce more copies of themselves
  • cell then bursts releasing virus
  • cell damage makes you feel ill
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7
Q

What are protists?

A
  • single celled eukaryotes
  • some are parasites which live on or inside other organisms and causes them damage
  • often transferred to organism by a vector which doesn’t have the disease
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8
Q

What are fungi?

A
  • some are single celled
  • some have a body made up of hyphae
  • hyphae can grow and penetrate skin, surface of plants which causes disease
  • hyphae produce spores which can be spread to other animals or plants
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9
Q

What are the ways pathogens can be spread?

A
  • water
  • air
  • direct contact
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10
Q

What is measles?

A

a viral disease spread by droplets of an infected persons sneeze or cough

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11
Q

What do people with measles develop?

A

red skin rash and show signs of a fever

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12
Q

What are some of the consequences of measles?

A
  • can be fatal
  • can lead to lung infection or brain infection

vaccinated when young

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13
Q

What is HIV?

A

a virus spread by sexual contact, or exchanging bodily fluids such as blood. the virus attacks the immune cells

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14
Q

What happens if you get HIV?

A

causes flu like symptoms. Usually no symptoms for years.

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15
Q

What can HIV be treated with?

A

antiretroviral drugs to stop virus replicating in body

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16
Q

What does TMV stand for?

A

tobacco mosaic virus

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17
Q

What is TMV?

A

a virus that effects species of plants

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18
Q

What does TMV cause?

A

a mosaic pattern on leaves of plants, some parts become discoloured

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19
Q

What does TMV mean for the plant?

A

can’t photosynthesise as well

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20
Q

Give an example of a fungus disease?

A

rose black spot

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21
Q

What does rose black spot cause?

A

purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants, the leaves can grow yellow and drop off, means photosynthesis can’t happen as plant doesn’t grow very well

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22
Q

How does rose black spot spread?

A

through the environment in water or wind

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23
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

using fungicides and stripping the plant of its effected leaves

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24
Q

What is a Malaria caused by?

A

a protist

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25
Q

What are mosquitoes?

A

vectors - they pick up the malarial protist when they feed on an infected animals

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26
Q

How do mosquitoes infect someone?

A

inserting the protist into the organisms blood vessels

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27
Q

What does Malaria cause?

A

repeating episodes of fever, can be fatal

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28
Q

What is salmonella?

A

type of bacteria that causes food poisoning

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29
Q

What can infected people experience with salmonella?

A

fever, stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhoea

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30
Q

What are salmonella symptoms caused by?

A

toxins that are produced by bacteria

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31
Q

What can you get salmonella from?

A

food that is contaminated

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32
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

a sexually transmitted disease

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33
Q

how is gonorrhoea passed on?

A

sexual contact

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34
Q

what is gonorrhoea caused by?

A

bacteria

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35
Q

symptoms of gonorrhoea?

A

pain when urinate, thick green discharge

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36
Q

what 4 things can you do to prevent the spread of disease?

A
  • being hygienic
  • destroying vectors
  • isolating infected vectors
  • vaccination
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37
Q

Describe some of the bodies defence systems?

A
  • skin, barrier to pathogens and secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens
  • hair and yucas in your nose, trap particles that contain pathogens
  • trachea and bronchi, secrete mucus to trap pathogens and lined with cilia which waft mucus up the back of throat where it can be swallowed
  • stomach produces hydrochloric acid , kills pathogens
38
Q

What do white blood cells do?

A

travel around in blood and crawl into every part of you, patrolling for microbes
when they come across an invading microbe they have three lines of attack

39
Q

Explain the first line of attack for white blood cells?

A

engulf foreign cells and digest them - phagocytosis

40
Q

Explain the second line of attack for white blood cells?

A
  • every invading pathogen has unique molecules ( antigens) on surface
  • when come across a foreign antigen, produces protein called antibodies which lock onto invading cells so can be found and destroyed by white blood cells
  • antibodies produced are specific to type of antigen
  • antibodies produced rapidly and carried round body to kill the whole bacteria or virus
  • now the person is naturally immune
41
Q

Explain the third line of attack for white blood cells?

A
  • produce antitoxins which counteract toxins produced by invading bacteria
42
Q

What does a vaccination do?

A

protects you from future infections

43
Q

What doe vaccinations involve?

A

injecting small amounts of dead or inactive pathogens which carry antigens, this causes your body to produce antibodies and attack antigens

44
Q

What are the pros of a vaccination?

A
  • can help control lots of communicable diseases that were once common in the UK
  • big outbreaks of disease can be prevented if mass vaccination take place
45
Q

What are the cons of a vaccination?

A
  • don’t always work, some can be immune

- you can sometimes have a bad reaction

46
Q

what do painkillers do?

A
  • relieves pain - don’t actually tackle the cause of the disease or kill pathogens - just reduce symptoms
47
Q

What do antibodies ( penicillin) do?

A
  • kill bacteria that is causing the problem
48
Q

what do different antibiotics do?

A

kill different types of bacteria

49
Q

What do antibiotics not do?

A

destroy viruses

50
Q

Why are viruses hard to treat?

A

they reproduce using body cells, hard to attack without harming body cells

51
Q

What can bacteria be?

A

mutate - resistant to antibiotics due to mutations

52
Q

What can happen if bacteria are mutate?

A

only some are killed and the rest can survive and reproduce

53
Q

How can doctors slow down the rate of developing resistant strains?

A

avoid over prescribing antibiotics

54
Q

What are a lot of drugs from?

A

plants

55
Q

describe aspirin?

A
  • from a chemical found in willow

- painkiller to lower fever

56
Q

What is digitalis?

A

treats heart conditions

- developed from foxgloves

57
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

58
Q

How are large scale drugs made?

A

in the pharmaceutical industry

59
Q

explain the first stage in drug testing?

A
  • preclinical testing in human cells and tissues in lab

- can’t use to test the affects on whole or multiple organs

60
Q

Explain the second stage of drug testing?

A
  • on live animals to test efficacy, toxicity and to find best dosage
  • tested on two different live mammals
61
Q

Explain the third stage of drug testing?

A
  • tested on human volunteers in a clinical trial
    1. tested on healthy volunteer - see if any harmful side effects, low dosage
    2. suffering from illness , optimum dose found
    3. two groups, one given drug one given placebo - to see actual difference drug makes, sometimes doctor and patrons don’t know if got drug or placebo- no subconscious influence
    4. peer review
62
Q

What is a placebo?

A

a substance like the drug being tested but doesn’t do anything

63
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

identical antibodies produced by B-lymphocytes

64
Q

What are B-lymphocytes?

A

type of white blood cell

65
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies produced from?

A

lots of clones of a single white blood cell. all antibodies are identical and will only target one specific protein antigen

66
Q

What is the problem with lymphocytes?

A

don’t divide easily

67
Q

What is a benefit of tumour cells?

A

divide lots so can be grown easily

68
Q

How do you create a hybridoma?

A

a mouse B-lymphocyte with a tumour cell

69
Q

What can hybridoma cells do?

A

cloned to get lots of identical cells which produce antibodies that can be collected and purified

70
Q

Why are monoclonal antibodies useful?

A

they will only bind to target molecule - can use them to target a specific cell or chemical in the body

71
Q

when are monoclonal antibodies used?

A

pregnancy tests

72
Q

What hormones are found in pregnant women urine?

A

HCG

73
Q

Explain how pregnancy tests work?

A
  • stick you pee on has same antibodies to the hormone, with blue heads attached
  • test strip ( bit that turns blue if pregnant) has antibodies to the hormone stuck on it
  • if pregnant the hormone binds to antibodies on blue beads
  • urine moves us stick, carrying hormone and blue beads
  • beads and hormone bind to antibodies on strip
  • blue beads get stuck to strip turning it blue
  • If not pregnant urine still moves up stick but nothing sticks to blue bleeds so colour does not show
74
Q

What do plants need?

A

mineral ions

75
Q

Why are nitrates needed in plants?

A

needed to make proteins and therefore for growth

- If not enough causes stunted growth

76
Q

Why are magnesium ions needed for plants?

A

making chlorophyll, which is needed for photosynthesis.

without enough magnesium suffer from chlorosis and have yellow leaves

77
Q

What can plants be infected by?

A

viral, bacterial and fungal pathogens, infeste and damaged by insects

78
Q

What are the common signs of disease in plants?

A
  • stunted growth
  • abnormal growths
  • spots on the leaves
  • patches of decay
  • malformed stems or leaves
  • discolouration
79
Q

how do you identify plant diseases?

A
  • gardening manual
  • gardening website
  • taking infected plant to laboratory
  • using testing kits that identify the pathogen using monoclonal antibodies
80
Q

what are the physical defences of a plant?

A
  • waxy cuticle, barrier to stop pathogens from entering
  • cell walls
  • layer of dead cells around stems
81
Q

what are the chemical defences of a plant?

A
  • some produce antibacterial chemicals which kill bacteria

- some produce poisons which can deter herbiovors

82
Q

what are the mechanical defences of a plant?

A
  • some adapted to have thorns and hairs - stop animals from toughing and eating them
  • dropped or curled leaves when something touches them- prevent from being eaten by knocking insects off
  • can mimic other organisms, eg bright spots that mimic a butterfly eggs to stop other butterflies laying eggs there
83
Q

what do different cells in the body have?

A

different antigens on the cell surface, so can make monoclonal antibodies that will bind to specific cells in the body

84
Q

what do cancer cells have?

A

antigens on cell membrane that Arnt found on normal body cells - tumour markers

85
Q

what can an anti-cancer drug do?

A

attach to tumour monoclonal antibodies

86
Q

What are some monoclonal antibodies that anti cancer drugs can attach to?

A

radio active substance, toxic drug or chemical which stops cancer cells growing and dividing

87
Q

Explain hoe monoclonal antibodies can treat disease?

A
  • given to patient through drip
  • antibodies target specific cells because only bind to tumour markers
  • drug kills cancer cells but doesn’t kill any normal body cells near the tumour
88
Q

how monoclonal antibodies can be used in laboratories to find specific substances?

A
  • bind to hormones and other chemicals in blood to measure their levels
  • test blood samples in laboratories for certain pathogens
  • locate specific molecules on a cell or in a tissue
89
Q

How can monoclonal antibodies be used to locate specific molecules on a cell or in a tissue?

A
  • first made to bind to the specific molecules you’re looking for
  • antibodies bound to a fluorescent dye
  • if molecules are present, monoclonal antibodies will attach to them and can be detected using dye
90
Q

What are the advantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • cancer treatment as it doesn’t affect normal body cells

- lower side effects then other cancer treatments

91
Q

What are the disadvantages of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • can cause fever, vomiting, low blood pressure

GCSE biology (9 decks)

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