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GCSE biology > Endocrine System + hormones > Flashcards

Endocrine System + hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the two responces for when your body is too hot?

A
  • sweat is produced by sweat glands and evaporates from skin

- blood vessels supplying skin dilate so more blood flows close to surface of the skin - vasodilation

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2
Q

What are the four responces for when body is too cold?

A
  • hair stand up to trap insulating layer of air
  • no sweat is produced
  • blood vessels supplying skin capillaries constrict to close off the skins blood supply - Vasoconstriction
  • you shiver so muscles contracting need respiration producing energy to warm the body
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3
Q

What are hormones?

A

chemicals released directly into the blood

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4
Q

Where are hormones produced?

A

endocrine glands

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5
Q

WHat are the six types of glands?

A
  • pituitary
  • ovaries
  • testes
  • thyroid
  • adrenal gland
  • pancreas
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6
Q

What does the thyroid produce and whats it involved in?

A
  • thyroxin - regulating rate of metabolism, heart rate, temperature
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7
Q

What does the adrenal gland produce and whats it involved in?

A
  • adrenal, fight or flight
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8
Q

WHat is the pancreas involved in and what does it produce?

A
  • insulin, regulates blood glucose levels
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9
Q

What is the testes involved in and what does it produce?

A
  • testosterone, controls puberty and sperm production
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10
Q

What are the ovaries involved in and what do they produce?

A
  • oestrogen, menstrual cycle
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11
Q

What is the pituitary gland involved in and what do they produce?

A
  • produces many hormones
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12
Q

Explain what happens when blood glucose levels are too high?

A
  • blood with too much glucose
  • insulin secreted by pancreas
  • too much insulin and glucose
  • glucose moves from blood into liver and muscle cells
  • insulin makes liver turn glucose into glycogen
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13
Q

Explain what happens when blood glucose levels are too low?

A
  • glucagon secreted by pancreas
  • too little glucose and glucagon
  • glucagon absorbed into liver turning into glucose
  • glucose released in blood by liver
  • blood glucose increases
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14
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

pancreas produces no or little insulin

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15
Q

What do people with type 1 diabetes need?

A

insulin therapy

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16
Q

What is insulin therapy?

A
  • injections of insuling throughout the day, making sure that glucose is removed from blood quickly
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17
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

person becomes resistant to their own insulin, causes a persons blood sugar levels to rise to a dangerous level

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18
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be treated?

A

eating a carbohydrate - controlled diet and getting regular excersise

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19
Q

What do the kidneys make?

A

urine

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20
Q

What is filtration?

A

substances are filtered out the blood as it passes through the kidneys

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21
Q

What are the three substances removed from the body in urine?

A

urea, ions, water

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22
Q

Explain urea being removed in the urine?

A
  • proteins cant be stored in the body so excess amino acids converted to fats and carbohydrates - deamination
  • ammonia produced as waste product to this but it is toxic so converted to urea where filtered into urine
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23
Q

Explain why ions are in urine?

A
  • ions absorbed from food
  • if ion content is wrong can upset balance between ion and water so excess is disposed in urine
  • some ions are lost in sweat
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24
Q

Explain water loss in urine?

A
  • loose water from sweat and lungs when breathing out
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25
Q

What is the concentration of urine controlled by?

A

anti-diuretic hormone

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26
Q

What is ADH released from?

A

pituitary gland

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27
Q

What is the whole water content of the blood controlled by?

A

negative feedback

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28
Q

What can be used to prevent the release of an egg

A

oestrogen

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29
Q

How does oestrogen prevent the release of an egg?

A

keeps oestrogen levels permanently high inhibiting production of FSH

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30
Q

What other chemical reduces fertility?

A

progesterone

31
Q

How does progesterone reduce fertility?

A
  • stimulates production of thick mucas which prevents sperm getting to egg
32
Q

WHat is the pill?

A

an oral contraceptive containing oestrogen and progesterone

33
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of the pill?

A

99% effective, can have side effects - headaches nausea and doesnt prevent STDs

34
Q

What are the three barrier methods of controlling fertility?

A

condoms, diaphragm, spermicide

35
Q

WHat are the three drastic ways of preventing fertility?

A
  • sterilisation
  • natural methods
  • abstinence
36
Q

What are four hormonal methods of preventing fertility?

A
  • contraceptive patch
  • contraceptive implant
  • contraceptive injection
  • intrauterine device
37
Q

Why can some people not get pregnant?

A
  • FSH is too low to cause eggs to mature so no eggs released
38
Q

What can be given to women who cant get pregnant?

A
  • FSH and LH can be given in drug to stimulate ovulation
39
Q

WHat are the pros of FSH and LH drug?

A
  • can get pregnant
40
Q

WHat are the cons of FSH and LH drug?

A
  • doesnt always work

- too many eggs can be stimulated, resulting in unexpected pregnancies

41
Q

WHat does adrenaline do?

A

prepares you for fight or flight

42
Q

What does thyroxin regulate?

A

metabolism

43
Q

Where is thyroxin released from?

A

thyroid gland

44
Q

What is the basal metabolic rate?

A

speed at which chemical reactions in the body occur in the body at rest

45
Q

What is thyroxin released in responce to?

A

thyroxine stimulating hormone

46
Q

WHat is TSH released from>

A

pituitary gland

47
Q

Explain process of IVF?

A
  • collect eggs from woman’s ovaries and injected in lab with mans sperm
  • fertilised eggs are then grown into embryos in a laboratory incubator
  • once tiny ball of cells, one or two transferred to woman’s uterus to improve pregnancy chance
  • FSH and LH are given before egg collection to stimulate several eggs to mature
48
Q

What are the pros of IVF?

A

fertility treatment can give infertile couple a child

49
Q

what are the cons of IVF?

A
  • multiple births can occur, risky for mother and baby
  • low success rate
  • emotionally and physically stressful for women
50
Q

Why are some people against IVF?

A
  • often results in unused embryos what are destroyed, unethical as it was a potential human life
  • genetic testing before in-plantation as can lead to selection of preferred characteristics
51
Q

What does the kidney do?

A

remove waste substances from the blood

52
Q

What happens if your kidney doesnt work properly?

A

waste substances build up in the blood and you lose your ability to control the levels of ions and water in your blood

53
Q

How can people with kidney failure be kept alive?

A

by having dialysis treatment or kidney transplant

54
Q

What do dialysis machines do?

A

filter the blood

55
Q

WHy does dialysis have to be done regularly?

A

to keep concentrations of dissolved substances in the blood at normal levels and to remove waste substances

56
Q

Explain dialysis machine?

A
  • persons blood flows between partially permeable membranes surrounded by dialysis fluid. Its permeable to things like ions and waste substances but not big molecules like protein
  • dialysis fluid has the same concentration of dissolved ions and glucose as healthy blood
  • this means that useful dissolved ions and glucose wont be lost from the blood during dialysis
  • only waste substances (such as urea) and excess ions and water diffuse across membrane
57
Q

How many times a week do people have dialysis?

A

3-4 hours

58
Q

Disadvantages of dialysis?

A

may cause blood clots or infections.

can be expensive for NHS

59
Q

What is the only cure for kidney failure?

A

kidney transplants

60
Q

What is the risk with kidney transplants?

A

may be rejected by patients immune system

61
Q

What do hormones do?

A

promote sexual characteristics at puberty

62
Q

WHat happens at puberty?

A

body starts releasing sex hormones that trigger off secondary sexual characteristics and cause eggs to mature in women

63
Q

What is the reproductive hormone in men?

A

testosterone

64
Q

What does testosterone do?

A

stimulate sperm production

65
Q

What is the main reproductive hormone in women?

A

oestrogen

66
Q

What is stage 1 of menstral cycle?

A

menstration starts, uterus lining breaks down for four days

67
Q

What is stage two of the menstration cycle?

A

uterus lining builds up again from day 4- 14 into a thick spongy layer full of blood vessels ready to receive a fertilised egg

68
Q

What is stage three of the menstration cycle?

A

an egg develops and is then released from the ovary at day 14 - ovulation

69
Q

What is stage four of the menstration cycle?

A

wall is maintained from day 14 -28

. if no egg on day 28 spongy layer starts to break down

70
Q

What are the four hormones that control the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen, FSH, progesterone, LH

71
Q

Explain FSH?

A
  • produced in pituitary gland
  • causes an egg to mature in one of ovaries in structure called follicle
  • stimulates ovaries to produce oestrogen
72
Q

Explain oestrogen?

A
  • produced in ovaries
  • causes lining of uterus to grow
  • stimulates release of LH and inhibits FSH
73
Q

Explain LH?

A
  • produced by pituitary gland

- stimulates egg release at day 14

74
Q

Explain progesterone?

A
  • produced in ovaries by the remains of the follicle after ovulation
  • maintains lining in second part of cycle
  • inhibits release of LH and FSH

GCSE biology (9 decks)

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