Top1-Ch1-P14-19+SGT1

Question 1

Metabolome?

Answer 1

The entire collection of small molecules in a given cell. In parrallel with the term genome.

Question 2

oligomer?

Answer 2

It is a molecule that consists of a few monomer units in contrast to a polymer that, at least in principle, consists of a nearly unlimited number of monomers.

Question 3

Proteome?

Answer 3

The sum of all the proteins functioning in a given cell.

Question 4

What is Polysaccharide? And name three major functions.

Answer 4

Polymers of simple sugars such as glucose.

1. Energy rich fuel stores
2. rigid structural components of cell walls (in plants and bacteria)
3. Extracellular recognition elements that bind to proteins on other cells.

Question 5

oligosaccharide?

Answer 5

From the Greek oligos, a few, and sacchar, sugar. It is a saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically two to ten) of simple sugars. It attaches to proteins or lipids at the cell surface and serves as specific cellular signals.

Question 6

Lipids are?

Answer 6

Water insoluble hydrocarbon derivatives which serve as structural components of membranes, energy-rich fuel stores, pigments and intracellular signals.

Picture below: Structures of some common lipids

Question 7

What are often referred to as “informational macromolecules”? And why?

Answer 7

proteins and nucleic acid because of their information rich subunit sequences.

Question 8

What are constitutional, or structural, isomers?

Answer 8

Are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

See example below

Question 9

Stereoisomers?

Answer 9

Molecules with the same chemical bonds but different configurations. Ie enantiomers, diastereomers which include cis-trans isomers.

Question 10

Enantiomers?

Answer 10

Are two stereoisomers that are related to each other by a reflection: They are mirror images of each other.

Question 11

Diastereomers?

Answer 11

Are stereoisomers not related through a reflection operation. They are not mirror images of each other. They have cis-trans isomers.

Question 12

What are isomers?

Answer 12

Under isomers are constitutional isomers. Also are stereoisomers which have enantiomers and diastereomers. Under diastereomers are cis-trans isomers.

Question 13

Cis isomer?

Answer 13

Cis means “on the same side”. Or Z. In general, cis-trans isomers contain double bonds, which cannot rotate, but they can also arise from ring structures, wherein the rotation of bonds is greatly restricted.

Cis-trans isomers are also called geometric isomers.

Example below can be called; (Z)-But-2-ene or Cis-but-2-ene

Question 14

Trans isomer?

Answer 14

trans means “on the other side” or “across”. E. In general, trans-cis isomers contain double bonds, which cannot rotate, but they can also arise from ring structures, wherein the rotation of bonds is greatly restricted.

Cis-trans isomers are also called geometric isomers.

Picture below can be called: Trans-but-2-ene or (E)-But-2-ene

Question 15

Chiral?

Answer 15

A molecule is chiral if it is not identical to its mirror image, that is, it cannot be superposed onto it. A chiral molecule and its mirror image are called enantiomers. Like left and right hands which are chiral.

Question 16

Achiral?

Answer 16

Achiral (not chiral) molecules are molecules that are identical to their mirror image.

Question 17

Asymmetric carbon?

Answer 17

An asymmetric carbon atom is a carbon atom that is attached to four different types of atoms or four different groups of atoms. Knowing the number of asymmetric carbon atoms, one can calculate the maximum possible number of stereoisomers for any given molecule as follows:
If n is the number of asymmetric carbon atoms then the maximum number of isomers = 2ⁿ

The centre carbon is called a chiral centre.

Question 18

Molecular conformation is?

Answer 18

Any one of the infinite number of possible spatial arrangements of atoms in a molecule that result from rotation of its constituent groups of atoms about single bonds.

Question 19

Are the lipids and proteins that make up the plasma membrane covalently linked?

Answer 19

No, which enables the changes in shape and size of cells.