Organic compound group revision Flashcards
Alkane
single carbon chain CH4, C2H6 etc. Suffix “-ane”
Prefixes
1. Meth
2. Eth
3. Prop
4. But
5. Pent
6. Hex
7. Hept
8. Oct
9. Non
10. Dec
Cyclic alkanes are prefixed with?
“cyclo-“;for example, C4H8 is cyclobutane and C6H12 is cyclohexane.
Alkyl groups?
Branched alkanes are named as a straight-chain alkane with attached alkyl groups. They are prefixed with a number indicating the carbon the group is attached to, counting from the end of the alkane chain.
Another alkyl group picture for clarification.
Alkenes and Alkynes?
- -enes are double bonds
- -ynes are triple bonds
Alcohol?
Suffix “-ol” . (R-OH). Suffixes -diol, -triol, -tetraol used for multiple OH groups.
Halogens?
Also known as alkyl halides. Halogen functional groups are prefixed with the bonding position and take the form fluoro-, chloro-, bromo-, iodo-, etc., depending on the halogen. Multiple groups are dichloro-, trichloro-, etc., and dissimilar groups are ordered alphabetically as before. For example, CHCl3 (chloroform) is trichloromethane. The anesthetic Halothane (CF3CHBrCl) is 2-bromo-2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane.
Ketones?
In general ketones (R-CO-R) take the suffix “-one” (pronounced own, not won) with an infix position number: CH3CH2CH2COCH3 is pentan-2-one. If a higher precedence suffix is in use, the prefix “oxo-“ is used: CH3CH2CH2COCH2CHO is 3-oxohexanal.
Aldehydes?
Aldehydes (R-CHO) take the suffix “-al”.
Carboxylic acids?
The general formula of a carboxylic acid is R-COOH. In general carboxylic acids are named with the suffix -oic acid
Carboxylic acids more diagrams
Ethers?
Ethers (R-O-R) consist of an oxygen atom between the two attached carbon chains. The shorter of the two chains becomes the first part of the name with the -ane suffix changed to -oxy, and the longer alkane chain becomes the suffix of the name of the ether. Thus, CH3OCH3 is methoxymethane, and CH3OCH2CH3 is methoxyethane (not ethoxymethane).
Esters?
Esters (R-CO-O-R’) are named as alkyl derivatives of carboxylic acids. The alkyl (R’) group is named first. The R-CO-O part is then named as a separate word based on the carboxylic acid name, with the ending changed from -oic acid to -oate. For example, CH3CH2CH2CH2COOCH3 is methyl pentanoate, and (CH3)2CHCH2CH2COOCH2CH3 is ethyl 4-methylpentanoate.
Amines?
Amines (R-NH2) are named for the attached alkane chain with the suffix “-amine” (e.g. CH3NH2 Methyl Amine). If necessary, the bonding position is infixed: CH3CH2CH2NH2 propan-1-amine, CH3CHNH2CH3 propan-2-amine. The prefix form is “amino-“.
For secondary amines (of the form R-NH-R), the longest carbon chain attached to the nitrogen atom becomes the primary name of the amine; the other chain is prefixed as an alkyl group with location prefix given as an italic N: CH3NHCH2CH3 is N-methylethanamine. Tertiary amines (R-NR-R) are treated similarly: CH3CH2N(CH3)CH2CH2CH3 is N-ethyl-N-methylpropanamine. Again, the substituent groups are ordered alphabetically.
Amides?
Amides (R-CO-NH2) take the suffix “-amide”, or “-carboxamide” if the carbon in the amide group cannot be included in the main chain. The prefix form is both “carbamoyl-“ and “amido-“.
Secondary and tertiary amides are treated similarly to the case of amines: alkane chains bonded to the nitrogen atom are treated as substituents with the location prefix N: HCON(CH3)2 is N,N-dimethylmethanamide.
Cyclic compounds?
Cycloalkanes and aromatic compounds can be treated as the main parent chain of the compound, in which case the position of substituents are numbered around the ring structure. For example, the three isomers of xylene CH3C6H4CH3, commonly the ortho-, meta-, and para- forms, are 1,2-dimethylbenzene, 1,3-dimethylbenzene, and 1,4-dimethylbenzene. The cyclic structures can also be treated as functional groups themselves, in which case they take the prefix “cycloalkyl-“ (e.g. “cyclohexyl-“) or for benzene, “phenyl-“.
