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IMED3001 > Tongue > Flashcards

Tongue Flashcards

1
Q

Where are intrinsic tongue muscles derived from? What is the source of the surrounding mucosa?

A

The tongue muscles are from somites but the surrounding mucosa is from pharyngeal arch. (mucosa nerve supply is 5th cranial nerve which means 1st pharyngeal arch)

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2
Q

Where is the mucosa of the posterior 1/3rd of the tongue derived from?

A

3rd arch (pharyngeal nerve)

Muscle inside is also from somites because motor supply is from 12th cranial nerve.

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3
Q

Where does the mucosa surrounding the tongue come from?

A

1st arch (supplied by the trigeminal nerve)

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4
Q

What do intrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

They run longitudinally through the tongue

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5
Q

What do the extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Lift the tongue up

Bring the tongue down

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6
Q

What supplies the extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

A

All are somite derived and are innervated by the 12th cranial nerve as a result. With the exception of palatoglossus muscle which is innervated by the vagus nerve

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7
Q

What does the genioglossus muscle do?

A

Important muscle for pushing tongue out of the mouth

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8
Q

What muscle pulls the tongue downward?

A

The hyoglossus muscle (from hyoid bone to tongue)

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9
Q

What does the palatoglossus muscle do?

A

Palatoglossus lifts the tongue up. From palatal area to the tongue

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10
Q

Summary of tongue innervation:

A

The bag of the tongue (mucosa) comes from 1st and 3rd pharyngeal arches. (5th and 9th nerve)

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11
Q

What kind of muscle is palato-glossus considered to be?

A

A pharyngeal muscle

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12
Q

Why is it difficult to see the intrinsic muscle of the tongue?

A

They are mixed with the extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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13
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the genio-glossus? What does it do as a result?

A

Originates at anterior arch of the mandible and inserts on lower part of the tongue.

Protrudes the tongue

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14
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the stylo-glossus? What does it do as a result?

A

Originates at styloid process and inserts onto tongue and brings the tongue back.

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15
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the hyoglossus? What does it do as a result?

A

Goes from hyoid bone to the tongue. It depresses the tongue.

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16
Q

What is the origin and insertion point of the palato-glossus? What does it do as a result?

A

Lifts the tongue up and originates from the palatal area and inserts at the posterior part of the tongue.

It is a pharyngeal muscle and is innervated by the the vagus nerve

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17
Q

The palato-glossus muscle is very small, what group of muscles assist it in its action?

A

Muscles under the tongue pushes the tongue upwards

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18
Q

What are the features of the nerve supply to the tongue?

A

Nerve supply to drive muscles of tongue are general somatic motor fibers just like any other motor fibers. They are functionally equivalent to all spinal nerves (motor nerves). This is from the hypoglossal nerve.

This is because they are of somite origin.

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19
Q

What type of innervation do the salivary glands receive?

A

General Visceral motor innervation (parasympathetic) to glands. Glossopharyngeal nerve (via the otic ganglion) and the facial nerve (via the submandibular ganglion) contains these motor fibers.

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20
Q

Where does tongue get its sensory sensation (non-taste)?

A

Standard delivery of sensation is done by general somatic sensory nerves.

Anterior 2/3rds come from lingual nerve (branch from trigeminal nerve)

Posterior 1/3rd comes from glossopharyngeal nerve.

5th and 12th cranial nerves do not have taste fibers.

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21
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve run from?

A

12th cranial nerve is just like a spinal nerve. It supplies the muscles of the tongue. (GSM) The course is from the back and archs forward following migratory path of the muscles of the tongue.

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22
Q

Where does the hypoglossal nerve run from?

A

12th cranial nerve is just like a spinal nerve. It supplies the muscles of the tongue. (GSM) The course is from the back and arches forward following migratory path of the muscles of the tongue.

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23
Q

What does the 5th cranial nerve carry and what does it not carry?

A

5th cranial nerve has general somatic sensation

No parasympathetic and no taste and no motor fibers to somite derived muscles (only to first pharyngeal arch muscles of mastication).

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24
Q

Where does taste sensation from the tongue come from?

A

Posterior 1/3rd is from the glossopharyngeal nerve

Anterior 2/3rds are from the facial nerve. (It hitchhikes with V to get to tongue/palate)

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25
Q

How does the facial nerve provide taste innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue?

A

This occurs through the chordae tympani which then merges into 5 and joins it with the taste fibers

26
Q

Where do salivary glands get their innervation form?

A

The 5th cranial nerve.

They receive parasympathetic innervation from the facial nerve (CN7) which hitchhikes with the 5th cranial nerve via the chordae tympani (attaches at the lingual branch of the 5th cranial nerve)

27
Q

Where does the lingual nerve run?

A

Lingual nerve runs laterally to the upper part of the mandible and is directly under where the teeth are.

28
Q

What does the chordae tympani do?

A

Provides taste and parasympathetic innervation to the anterior 2/3rds of the tongue by hitchhiking with the 5th nerve (lingual nerve)

29
Q

What does the hard palate do?

A

Divides the oral and nasal cavity. It is used in mastication and speech.

30
Q

What does the soft palate do?

A

Key function is swallowing and speech

31
Q

What type of tissue is the mucous membrane that underlies the hard palate made up of?

A

Stratified squamous parakeratinised or keratinised epithelium. This tissue is quite vascular.

32
Q

What kind of tissue is the mucous membrane surrounding the soft palate?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium with goblet cells (respiratory epithelium)

33
Q

What is the embryological origin of the muscles of the soft palate?

A

4th 5th and 6th arch except for the tensor palati muscle because it is a piece of medial pterygoid muscle

34
Q

Where does tensor palati

(tensor veli palatini) muscle derive its nerve supply from?

A

Like the medial pterygoid muscle it is derived from the 1st pharyngeal arch and so it is a muscle of mastication (5th nerve innervation).

35
Q

What is the course of the tensor palati?

A

Hooks around the hammulus of the medial pterygoid muscle and then attaches to the soft palate. It pulls on the palate to stretch it towards lateral walls of the pharynx

36
Q

What does the levator palati do?

A

Levator palati pulls the soft palate up.

37
Q

What does the tensor palati do?

A

Tensor palati pulls the palate laterally to stretch it towards the lateral walls of the pharynx.

38
Q

What does the muscularis uvulae do?

A

The uvula is attached to the muscularis uvulae which pulls the uvula back raphe to ensure theres a seal at the back

39
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

3 major glands: sublingual, submandibular, and parotid gland

40
Q

Where is the sublingual gland located?

A

Underneath the canines and premolars.

41
Q

What kind of saliva is produced by the sublingual gland?

A

Thick mucous saliva

42
Q

Where does the submandibular gland sit?

A

Near the base of the mandible (medial to the arch) its duct runs from the gland to open near the midline of the tongue. This is the gland that produces a spray of saliva when mouth is opened fast.

43
Q

What is mumps?

A

Viral infection of the parotid gland

44
Q

What kind of saliva does the parotid gland make?

A

Serous saliva non-mucous saliva. it contains amylase which is important for carbohydrate digestion.

45
Q

Where is the parotid gland located?

A

Just deep and slightly anterior to the ear. It oozes around the back end of the mandible. This is important when cutting people open on that side of the mouth when opened too far backwards.

46
Q

Where does the duct of the parotid gland open up?

A

Near the upper molar

47
Q

Clinical significance of the parotid gland:

A

When injecting anaesthetic into the parotid gland all the branches of the facial nerve can be inhibited causing drooping on one side of the face due to presence of the facial nerve in that location.

48
Q

What other structures are present near the parotid gland?

A

Blood vessels

49
Q

What are the main sources of arterial blood to the head?

A

2 Common carotids at the front (which branches into internal and external carotid)

2 Vertebral arteries at the back

50
Q

What fraction of blood goes to the cranial cavity through the internal carotid?

A

2/3rds go through to the brain case as the internal carotid and they join up with the vertebral arteries at the circle of willis.

51
Q

What happens at the bifurcation of the common carotid?

A

Sensory systems that monitor flow to the brain is stable and contains the right amount of O2 and CO2

52
Q

What follows the arteries pathway into the head?

A

The sympathetic fibers as plexuses wrapped around them from thoracic chain.

53
Q

What is the blood supply of the non cranial case part of the head??

A

The external carotid

54
Q

Where does the lingual artery go?

A

To the tongue

55
Q

Where does the maxillary artery go?

A

To the maxillar region

56
Q

Where does the superficial temporal artery go?

A

Upwards towards the temporalis. It is the artery that pulsates at the side of the head.

57
Q

Important note:

A

There are lots of redundancies between the arteries of the face.

Some of the blood on the side of the head come from the circle of willis.

58
Q

Where does blood supply of the face come from?

A

Internal and external carotid arteries

59
Q

Does the internal carotid artery only supply the circle of willis and the brain case?

A

No it comes out towards the face and supplies the face along with the external carotid

60
Q

What is the clinical significance of the communication/anastomoses of the facial region?

A

Infections of the face can move towards the circle of willis and infect the brain

IMED3001 (46 decks)

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