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IMED3001 > CV Tumours and Tumour-like lesions > Flashcards

CV Tumours and Tumour-like lesions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a mass?

A

An aggregate of tissue

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2
Q

What is a tumour?

A

Actually means a swelling but almost always refers to a neoplasm

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3
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A

Autonomous proliferation of cells due to cellular mutations that lead to abnormal/dysregulated growth of cells

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4
Q

What is a hamartoma?

A

A mass formed of cells native to tissue but with disorganised architecture

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5
Q

What is a malformation?

A

A structural defect due to embryological or acquired abnormality

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6
Q

What is an ectasia?

A

Localised dilation of a vessel

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7
Q

What is a telendiectasia?

A

Permanent dilation of a vessel

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8
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

A tumour that is capable of causing death. It invades +/- spreads to other tissues

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9
Q

How are CV tumours graded?

A

May be morphology (how far it has changed from normal cells)

May be aggressiveness

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10
Q

What does the stage of a cancer refer to?

A

TNM (Tumour, Nodes, Metastases)

AJCC (Main staging system which relies on TNM staging)

Some others that are system specific

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11
Q

On what basis are benign and malignant tumours named?

A

The tissue types they contain and whether they are benign or malignant.

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12
Q

What is a benign tumour of the epithelium called?

A

Adenoma

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13
Q

What is a malignant tumour of epthelium called?

A

Carcinoma

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14
Q

What suffix is used for malignant and benign mesenchymal tumours?

A

Benign (oma)

Malignant (tissue type) - sarcoma

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15
Q

What are melanocyte benign tumours called?

A

Naevus

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16
Q

What are melanocyte malignant tumours called?

A

Melanoma

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17
Q

What are lymphoid malignant tumours called?

A

Lymphoma

Myeloma

Leukemia

Others

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18
Q

What are haemangiomas?

A

Benign tumours of blood vessels

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19
Q

What are the most common haemangiomas?

A

Capillary

Cavernous

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20
Q

What are the intermediate tumours technically?

A

Malignant but they don’t tend to metastasize

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21
Q

What is a lobular capillary haemangioma also called? Is the name accurate?

A

Pyogenic granuloma. It is neither pyogenic nor a granuloma

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22
Q

What is a kaposi sarcoma?

A

A commonly seen intermediate tumour

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23
Q

What is the treatment for benign tumours?

A

Watch and wait

Surgically excise if harmful

Sclerotherapy (close blood vessels off to it)

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24
Q

What are juvenile haemangeoma subtypes?

A

Infantile (not usually present at birth)

Congenital (present and fully developed at birth)

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25
Q

What happens to most infantile haemangiomas?

A

They usually involute (get smaller and go away)

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26
Q

What happens to congenital haemangiomas?

A

They sometimes involute rapidly.

Sometimes they don’t resolve

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27
Q

Where are capillary angiomas typically located?

A

Occur in skin or subcutaneous tissues, and mucous membranes of orac cavities and lips as as in the liver, spleen, and kidneys

28
Q

Histologically, what kind of vessels have capillary angiomas?

A

Thin-walled capillaries with scant stroma

29
Q

Do capillary haemangiomas have any atypical features making them harmful?

A

No

30
Q

Histologically, what kind of vessels are cavernous haemangiomas located in?

A

Histologically large, dilated spaces with bland endothelium, no intervening normal tissue between the vessels

31
Q

Why are cavernous angiomas potentially capable of causing issues?

A

They create breeding ground for thrombosis and then embolism.

They are vulnerable to spontaneous haemorrhage

Can be found in brain and liver causing issues

These are widely sporadic.

32
Q

Where are lobular capillary angiomas typically located?

A

Located on mucosal membranes or on the skin.

33
Q

When do lobular capillary angiomas occur?

A

Typically after trauma

34
Q

What kind of problems can lobular capillary haemangiomas (pyogenic granulomas) cause?

A

They bleed easily and are often ulcerated and grow really fast but involute fast.

35
Q

How are cavernous haemangiomas tissues different to the tissue structure in normal tissues.

A

No normal tissue between vascular spaces in cavernous haemangiomas.

36
Q

What are the forms of kaposi sarcoma?

A

Classic

Endemic African

Transplant-associated KS

HIV-associated KS

37
Q

Which demographic is most commonly associated with classic form kaposi sarcoma?

A

Older men

Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, or Eastern European descent

38
Q

What causes Kaposi Sarcoma?

A

Human Herpes Virus 8 (HHV8)

39
Q

What increases likelihood of Kaposi Sarcoma in Endemic African, Transplant associated, and HIV associated forms?

A

Being immunocompromised

40
Q

What are the stages of progression of Kaposi Sarcoma?

A

Starts as a patch -> plaque -> nodule stage

severity depends on how immunocompromised patient is

41
Q

How is Kaposi Sarcoma treated?

A

Surgery, antiretroviral treatment, angiogenesis inhibitors, radiotherapy

42
Q

What are angiosarcomas?

A

Blood vessel neoplasms

43
Q

Which tissues are angiosarcomas most common in?

A

Skin

Soft tissue

Breast

Liver

44
Q

What causes angiosarcomas often in liver?

A

Associated with carcinogenic exposure, including arsenic, thorotrast, and polyvinyl chloride

45
Q

What is the latency like between initial and eventual tumour development in angiosarcomas?

A

It is long (like mesothelioma)

46
Q

What causes angiosarcomas often in breast tissue?

A

Chronic Lymphoedema patients classically following breast cancer due to abnormal lymph vessels in this setting

47
Q

What can potentially cause all angiosarcomas?

A

Radiation

48
Q

Why are angiosarcomas considered metastatic?

A

They are locally invasive and can readily spread causing 5-year survival rates to be ~30%

49
Q

How is angiosarcoma treated?

A

Surgery

Radiotherapy

Cytotoxic chemotherapy

50
Q

What are the 5 most common types of the heart?

A

Myxoma

Fibroma

Lipoma

Papillary fibroelastoma

Rhabdomyoma

51
Q

What kind of tumours are the 5 most common tumours of the heart? (benign or malignant)

A

Benign

52
Q

True or False:

Angiosarcomas of the heart are relatively common.

A

False, they are rare

53
Q

What are myxomas?

A

Most common primary tumour of the heart

54
Q

Where are myxomas commonly located?

A

In the atrium (left 4 times more common than right often at the region of the fossa ovalis in the atrial septum)

55
Q

What kind of arrangements can myxomas have?

A

Single

Sessile (no stalk)

Pedunculated (wrecking ball)

Globular hard masses with haemorrhage or soft

Translucent

Gelatinous papillary

Villous lesions

56
Q

What kind of cells make up myxomas?

A

They are composed of stellate or globular myxoma cells taht are embedded in abundant acid mucopolysaccharide ground substance

57
Q

What familial abnormality is a risk factor for myxoma?

A

Carney’s complex (in 10% of individuals)

58
Q

What issues can myxomas cause?

A

They can cause issues with blood flow and result in indirect damage to heart tissues

59
Q

What can non-neoplastic tumour-like conditions of blood vessels result in?

A

Slow flow (capillary, lymphatic or venous): can result in port wine stain or congenital lymphangioma

Fast flow (arterial or arteriovenous): example cerebrovascular AVM

60
Q

What is congenital lymphangioma?

A

Cystic hygroma (bag of fluid forms in a tissue)

61
Q

What do symptoms of fast flow vessel malformations resemble?

A

Cavernous haemangioma of the brain

62
Q

How are fast flow tumour-like malformatiuons of blood vessels differentiated from cavernous haemangiomas?

A

The fast flow tumour like malformations have tissue in between them unlike cavernous haemangiomas. (this differential diagnosis results in the same result)

63
Q

Where are varicose veins typically located?

A

In the legs, anus and the oesophagus

64
Q

What causes varicose veins in oesophagus?

A

Portal hypertension

65
Q

What causes haemorrhoids?

A

Dilation of anorectal venous plexus due to repeated straining at stool, pregnancy, or from other complications

66
Q

What are potential complications of haemorrhoids?

A

Can thrombose and bleed

Can be painful

Can prolapse

IMED3001 (46 decks)

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