Head and Neck Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

How is the development of the skull related to the development of the brain?

A

The development of the skull is driven by the development of the brain.

Functional matrix theory.

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2
Q

Why is there such a disproportionately smaller brain case relative to the face at birth?

A

Functional driver of facial skeleton is different to cranial skeleton.

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3
Q

How is the cranial cavity divided?

A

3 fundametal parts:

Anterior cranial cavity

Middle cranial cavity

Posterior cranial cavity

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4
Q

What are the important foramina of the cranial cavity?

A

Foramen magnum

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5
Q

How is the spherical shape of the brain case produced?

A

Flat bits produced denovo from connective tissue via Intramembranous ossification.

Endochondral ossification produces the base of the brain case. (this continues until about the age of 25)

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6
Q

What is the purpose of CSF?

A

It protects the brain and provides padding for it during collisions.

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7
Q

How does the brain develop in young children?

A

Islands of bone form and then fuse

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8
Q

What embryological structures form the cranial bones and which form the facial bones?

A

Cranial bones: Formed by the brain & vertebral development.

Facial Bones: formed by the foregut during development (via the pharyngeal arches)

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9
Q

Which directions are facial bones strong?

A

Vertically, they are weak vertically

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10
Q

What is the job of pharyngeal arches?

A

Each one is reponsible for the formation of one part of the head.

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11
Q

What is the job of the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

1st pharyngeal arch is important for formation of the bones of the jaw and maxilla

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12
Q

Important to know about pharyngeal arches:

A

Each arch is highly specific for the structure that it ends up forming.

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13
Q

How are facial bones arranged?

A

They are designed to create the maximum surface area of mucosa for air to travel for its air conditioning job.

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14
Q

What are the muscles that close the jaw called?

A

The muscles of mastication.

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15
Q

Where do the muscles that close the jaw come from?

A

The 1st pharyngeal arch (which is why they are supplied by the trigeminal nerve)

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16
Q

Which muscles are produced from the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression (by definition supplied by 7th cranial nerve)

17
Q

What is the main muscle that closes the jaw called?

A

The temporalis muscle

18
Q

How is biting stress directed though dense bone in the maxilla?

A

Via buttresses

19
Q

What structure separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity?

A

The palatine process of the maxilla

20
Q

What is the name of the shelves of bone that hang out into the nasal cavity and what do they do?

A

Conchi, they create more folds of surface area for air to be modified on its way to the lungs.

21
Q

What bones make up the orbit?

A

Zygomatic bone laterally

Maxillary bone inferiorly

Frontal bone superiorly

Ethmoid bone posteromedially

22
Q

What does each pharyngeal arch contain?

A

1 arterial supply

1 piece of cartilage

&

1 nerve

23
Q

What are the 4 major muscles of mastication?

A

Masseter

Temporalis

Medial pterygoid

Lateral pterygoid

24
Q

What are the muscles of mastication that are needed for swallowing? (rather than chewing)

A

Mylohyoid muscle

Anterior belly of the digastric muscle. (posterior belly is made by 2nd arch and then they join to form 1 muscle)

25
Q

What non chewing muscles are derived from the 1st pharyngeal arch (these are also known as muscles of mastication)?

A

Tensor tympani

Tensor palati

26
Q

What are the important parts of the masseter?

A

There is a deep part with vertical fibers and a superficial part with oblique fibers.

27
Q

What are the important parts of the temporalis muscle?

A

The fleshy part with fibers that form an arch with some fibers almost vertical and other fibers horizontal.

Tendinous parts

28
Q

What are the important relationships with the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Medially there are many peripheral nerves that arise from

The peripheral nerves can be accidentally cut and this causes loss of sensation from tongue.

29
Q

What is the motion of the mouth during mastication called?

A

The mandible has an envelope of movement because the temperomandibular joint can move in several directions

30
Q

What nerve supplies the muscles of facial expression and which pharyngeal nerve do they come from embryologically?

A

CN7 supplies them and they are derived from the 2nd pharyngeal arch

31
Q

Which somite derived structures migrate to the areas where the pharyngeal arches are active?

A

Tongue

Extrinsic muscles of the eye