TOLs Flashcards
Sterile Cockpit
Used to minimize distractions within 10nm of an airport when workload is high
Normal takeoff procedures in the PA 28-181
When #1 for takeoff: Lights (strobe and landing), camera (transponder in ALT mode), action (fuel pump on, mixture full fwd).
Rotate at 60KIAS, lift-off ~65KIAS.
Accelerate to 76KIAS (Vy)
Perform ‘after takeoff checklist’ when 1,000’ AGL
Blossom effect
An aircraft on a collision will have no apparent relative movement to you and the target will “blossom” a few seconds before impact.
Potential Energy + kinetic energy = ?
Total energy available
Whereas;
Potential Energy = Altitude Available
Kinetic Energy = Airspeed
An excessive sink rate would range between _________ fpm per the AFH
> 800 - 1000 fpm
If these sink rates are exceeded, the decent is not stable and a go-around should be performed
If a landing cannot be made in the first third of the runway or the airplane drifts sideways, the pilot should?
Execute a go-around (per the AFH)
Engine failure after rotation with no runway remaining procedure (PA 28-181)
Airspeed........76 KIAS Fuel selector......OFF Mixture.......CUTOFF Magnetos......OFF Flaps......ADJUST Battery Master......OFF
Land at the lowest possible airspeed, straight ahead, and avoid obstacles
FAR 91.103
Preflight action
When would you make base turn if another aircraft is in the traffic pattern ahead of you?
When abeam to the other aircraft that is on final
Aborted landing on short final you should?
Fly parallel to the runway on the opposite side of the pattern. (I.e. to the right if pattern is left traffic)
After takeoff checklist (PA 28-181)
Climb at 90 KIAS after passing 500’ AGL
CRUISE CLIMB…..90KIAS
THROTTLE…..FULL
FLAPS……UP
Typical VFR approach briefing
- The type of approach and landing
- State the landing runway
- State the field elevation
- State the pattern altitude
- State the wind direction and speed
- State the aiming and touchdown points
- Go-around criteria and plan
Ex: “This will be a normal 25 degree flaps landing. Aiming at the 2nd stripe after the numbers, touching down on the 1,000’ markings.”
Stabilized approach
One in which the pilot establishes and maintains a constant glidepath. It’s dependent on a constant final descent speed and configuration.
Should be declared stabilized at:
500’ AGL when VFR
1000’ AGL when ILS approach
Departing a nontowered airport
- State direction of flight in departing call
- Continue straight out to TPA and male course turn (45 degrees) if turn is to the same direction as TP
- If departing to the opposite direction of TP, make the 45 degree turn out when 500’ above TP
Gust factor
Is added to approach and/or takeoff speed in gusty conditions
Equation: (gusts - wind) x .5
Example: Wind is steady at 8 and gusting at 18, so, (18-8)x.5=5. So we’d add 5 to our takeoff or approach KIAS.
Before landing checklist
POWER……~1500RPM
FUEL PUMP……ON
MIXTURE……FULL FWD
FLAPS…..(25 degrees for normal approach. 10 or 0 degrees in gusty conditions. Pull 45 degrees if too fast on short final)
Forward slip
- Technique used in headwinds
- Airplanes motion continues the same
- The wing on the side toward which the slip is to be made should be lowered (ailerons)
- Simultaneously the airplanes nose must be yawed in the opposite direction (rudder)
What is the maximum speed in a traffic pattern at an uncontrolled airport?
No more than 200 knots
Pilots must not attempt an overly ______ ______ to final, especially ________! If in doubt, go-around!
Steep turn; uncoordinated
Definition of Coordinated Flight: Application of all appropriate flight and power controls to prevent slipping or skidding in any flight coordination.
Most mid-air collisions occur
- During the daylight hours
- Below 1,000’
- On short final/final approach leg in the airport traffic pattern
Conditions that result in high density altitude are?
- High elevations
- Lower atmospheric pressure
- High temperatures
- High humidity
Or some combination of these factors
Conditions that result in low density altitude are?
- Low elevations
- High atmospheric pressure
- Low temperatures
- Low humidity
Or some combination of these factors
At high AOA the CP (center of pressure) moves _______ while at low AOA the CP moves _______.
Forward; aft
Density altitude formula
Pressure altitude + [120 x (OAT - ISA Temp)]
ISA Temp is 15 degrees Celsius at sea level
Pressure altitude formula
(Standard pressure - current pressure) x 1000 + field elevation
Standard pressure is 29.92
Archer fuel capacity and limitations
Fuel capacity: 50 gals
Useable fuel: 48 gals
Fuel grade: 100LL (blue) or 100 (green)
Archer maximum weights
- Maximum ramp weight: 2558 (normal); 2138 (utility)
- Maximum takeoff weight: 2550 (normal); 2130 (utility)
- Maximum Lansing weight: 2550 (normal); 2130 (utility)
- Maximum weight in baggage compartment: 200 (normal); 0 (utility)
Archer maximum flaps extended (Vfe)
102 KIAS
Archer flaps down range (white arc)
45 - 102 KIAS
Archer Norma operating range (green arc)
50-125 KIAS
Side slip
- Used when landing in crosswind
- Is entered by lowering a wing (into the wind) and applying enough opposite rudder to prevent a turn.
- The airplanes longitudinal axis remains parallel to the original flight path, but the airplane no longer flies straight ahead.
Teardrop pattern entry
•Cross midfield at least 500ft above TPA
Note: Consider large and turbine aircraft when doing so. Increase alt to 1,000ft above TPA if present.
•When clear of TP - approx 2mi out - descend to TPA and enter at a 45 degree angle.
•Announce intentions
Bank angles should not exceed 20-30 degrees when?
In the airport traffic pattern to reduce risk of a stall and/or spin.
CTAF (Common Traffic Advisory Frequency)
Should be used when operations in the vicinity of non-towered airports. They are used for collision avoidance and airport advisories.
AWOS (Automated Weather Observing Service)
- Obtain before takeoff
- Obtain 20-30 miles out before landing
If an airport does not have an AWOS or ASOS system, the pilot should contact the airport UNICOM for information
Non-Towered straight in approaches
- Should only he used when certain it will not create a conflict with other traffic
- Announce a 3 mile and 1 mile final call when doing a straight in approach
- Traffic in the pattern always has the right of way
[Name of fix] Inbound
A radio call you may here if an aircraft is on an IFR plan and inbound for an uncontrolled airport.
The plane will be ~ 3-7 miles out on final approach to land
VOR [or NBD] Inbound
Radio call made by plane on IFR flight plan. The plane has passed an off airport VOR or NBD and is headed toward the airport. Distance of nav aids vary but generally w/in 10 miles
Procedure turn inbound
Radio call heard by plane on IFR flight plan about 5-7 miles from the airport.
Means the flight has flow. Away from the airport and reversed course. Headed back toward the airport.
Mode C Transponder
Displays squawk code and pressure altitude to ATC
