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Developmental Psychology University of South Australia > Toddlerhood > Flashcards

Toddlerhood Flashcards

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1
Q

According to the WHO about 53% of children in Asia and 41% in Africa may be at risk of

A

stunting (prevent from growing or developing properly)

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2
Q

Protein deficiency that prevents development and increases risk of disease (body swells with water)

A

kwashiorkor (lethargy, skin lesions, thinning hair)

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3
Q

micronutrients

A

vit A, B12, C and D

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4
Q

The lack of which crucial micronutrient inhibits cognitive growth affecting IQ and is lacking in 1/3 of the world?

A

iodine

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5
Q

Vitamin most lacked in developed countries?

A

Vit D

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6
Q

Brain development is mostly due to increase in

A

synaptic density

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7
Q

Synaptic density peaks at what age?

A

around age 3, end of toddlerhood

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8
Q

Synaptic pruning begins when?

A

after synaptic density peaks

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9
Q

EEG detects brain activity only in ________ while fMRI detects activity in ________.

A

cerebral cortex, any part of brain

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10
Q

Sleep decreases from 16-18 hours to

A

15 hours by first birthday
12-13 hours by second bday.

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11
Q

Molar teeth start coming at what age?

A

13 to 19 months

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12
Q

Early brain development in toddlerhood is most distinguished by
a - formation of the cerebral cortex
b - the production of new brain cells
c - increased activity in the amygdala
d - the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons

A

d) the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons

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13
Q

which statement best describes sleep behaviour during toddlerhood
a - children sleep consistently through the night
b - sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures
c - increased activity results in children sleeping more than in infancy
d - the increased sense of self results in most toddlers wanting to sleep alone

A

b - sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures

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14
Q

Garret is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year he should be able to______.
a - use a fork and knife with coordination
b- hold a cup and scribble with crayons
c - brush his teeth
d - walk up and down stairs withouth holding on to anything

A

b- hold a cup and scribble with crayons

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15
Q

Most toddlers show readiness for toilet training at what age?

A

around 24 months

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16
Q

Controlled elimination in traditional cultures

A

Learning to control elimination from watching and imitating other children

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17
Q

Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in some western cultures?
a- number of children in the family
b - education level of the parents
c- marital status of the primary caregiver
d - location of the toilet in the house

A

b - education level of the parents (the more educated the parents are the later children tend to be toilet trained , possibly indicative of greater familiarity with current best practices.

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18
Q

In western cultures child is considered ready for toilet training when it can show basic ________

A

level of independent activity

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19
Q

Why is it more challenging to wean a toddler than an infant?
a - toddler has developed teeth and might unconsciously resist with biting behaviour
b - toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behaviour
c- toddle are naturally opposed to anything their parents want them to do
d - breastfeeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures

A

b - toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behaviour

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20
Q

Toddler from a traditional culture weaning from breastfeeding is likely:
a - be given formula instead of milk
b - be abruptly weaned at age 1
c - still be breastfeeding at age 5
d - have experienced some customary practice for being weaned

A

d - have experienced some customary practice for being weaned

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21
Q

Tertiary circular reactions (intentional from the beginning) are circular like secondary (action occurs by accident and is intentionally repeated) circular reactions? True/False

A

True

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22
Q

What is the final stage of sensorimotor development (18-24 months) in which toddler first thinks and accordingly select the action to achieve desired outcome?

A

Mental representations

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23
Q

A not B error still occasionally happens in toddlerhood?
True/False

A

True - even occasionally in early childhood (4-5 years)

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24
Q

_________ imitation is the ability to repeat actions observed earlier

A

Deferred (eg tantrum, making a meal, feeding baby, digging hole)

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25
Q

Deferred imitation is shown to show as early as 6 _____ of age.

A

weeks

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26
Q

By the age of 2 years old, toddlers can go beyond appearance of objects to _________ them on the basis of functionality or quality.

A

categorise

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27
Q

Vygotsky’s theory is referred to as ________ theory due to his view that cognitive development is both social and cultural process.

A

sociocultural
social - children need help from others
cultural - what they know is determined by culture

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28
Q

Two most influential ideas of Vygotsky are:

A
  • zone of proximal development and
  • scaffolding
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29
Q

Distance between skills or tasks a child can accomplish alone and those child can do with someone’s help?

A

zone of proximal development

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30
Q

Self-guiding and self-directing speech children begin as they learn in the zone of proximal development?

A

Private speech

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31
Q

Private speech increases or decreases as children become more competent in learning?

A

decreases - they begin to internalise it

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32
Q

A degree of assistance provided to children in the zone of proximal development?

A

Scaffolding

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33
Q

Is scaffolding distinct for children?

A

no - it happens through out life every time a new skill is learned

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34
Q

Who’s idea is guided participation?

A

Barbara Rogoff

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35
Q

Interaction between two people (Rogoff) is referred to as:

A

guided participation

36
Q

child intentionally tipped his water over and over again. According to Piaget the child is at the ______________ stage.
a - primary circular reactions
b - tertiary circular reactions
c - simple reflexes
d - secondary circular reactions

A

b - tertiary circular reactions (action is intentional)

37
Q

A child sees a parent stirring a pot and the next day picked up a toy bowl and spoon and began ‘stirring’, This is an example of _____________.
a - deferred imitation
b - sorting objects into categories
c - tertiary circular reactions
d - the A not B error

A

a - deferred imitation

38
Q

When children generally avoid the A not B error they ___________.
a - are in the stage of tertiary circular reaction
b - understanding scaffolding
c - show the ability to categorise
d - have attained object permanence

A

d - have attained object permanence

39
Q

According to Vygotsky ___________ interaction is required for cognitive learning.

A

Social

40
Q

According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instructions provided are___________.
a - a good fit with their learning style
b - concrete in nature
c - developed by an educational specialist
d - withing the zone of proximal development

A

d - withing the zone of proximal development

41
Q

The ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways?

A

Infinite generativity - distinct feature of human language

42
Q

Area in the left frontal lobe specialised for language production?

A

Broca’s area

43
Q

Area in the left temporal lobe specialised for language comprehension?

A

Wernicke’s area

44
Q

Language acquisition device (LAD) according to Chomsky?

A

innate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the grammatical rules in the language around them

45
Q

Basic rule of grammar are learn at age?

A

2-3 years old

46
Q

A single words that can represent a whole sentence?

A

Holophrases

47
Q

A single word that represents a variety of related objects?

A

Overextension - associations made with objects that remind them of the original

48
Q

Applying a general word to a specific object?

A

Underextension - use of words in a very limited way

49
Q

Speaking (language production) lags behind

A

comprehension (understanding)

50
Q

A toddler refers to their family cat as ‘cat’ and not by its name is an example of________.

A

Underextension

51
Q

A child calling juice milk because they know its’s a drink?

A

Overextension

52
Q

A child repeatedly says ‘ball’ in anything to do with ball (throwing, catching, loosing it)

A

Holophrase

53
Q

Naming explosion or vocabulary spurt

A

Rapid expansion of words used per week

54
Q

Fast mapping - not due to memory but ability to quickly infer the meaning

A

remembering word after just one time of being told what an object is

55
Q

Girls vocabulary increases at the same pace as boys. True or False

A

False, girls increase faster

56
Q

Telegraphic speech (18-24 months) is a _____ words phrase that strips away words such as ‘the’ ‘and’

A

two (eg. see doggie, big car, my ball)

57
Q

Syntax

A

Word order (eg see doggie not doggie see)

58
Q

The difference between apes and human when it comes to learning language is_______.
a - the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways (infinite generativity)
b - the inability of apes to learn motor movements and signs from humans
c - the inability of apes to make requests
d - the faster pace of human’s sign language

A

a - the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways (infinite generativity distinct to humans)

59
Q

Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca’s area. Which of the following is likely to results?
a - she will feel no emotion
b - short-term memory loss
c - difficulty with speech comprehension
d - difficulty producing speech

A

d - difficulty producing speech

60
Q

Which of the following is overextension?
a - child saying “The sun is smiling at me’
b - child saying “Mommy goed to the store”
c - child calling all men “Dada”
d - child saying “Mommy gone”

A

c - child calling all men “Dada”

61
Q

Thirsty child points to the glass on the counter and says ‘juice”. This is an example of_______.
a - overregulation
b - fast mapping
c - underextension
d - a holophrase

A

d - a holophrase (single word)

62
Q

In some cultures direct stimulation of language development is discourages due to ________

A

belief that it is not necessary to speak directly to young children as they are not able to converse productively

63
Q

Sociomoral emotions

A

secondary emotions evoked based on what the toddler has learned from cultural standards of right and wrong

64
Q

Internalised set of moral standards that guide behaviour and emotions, developed by the age of 2.
Conscience

A

Conscience

65
Q

Self-recognition (2-3 years)

A

ability to recognise one’s image in the mirror as one’s self

66
Q

Self reflection (second half of 2nd year)

A

capacity to think about themselves as they would think about other people and objects

67
Q

4 attachment styles

A
  • secure - mother is a secure base, cry when absent, happy when back
  • insecure/avoidant - little to no interaction with mother with no
    response to her presence or absence
  • insecure/resistant - little interest to explore when mother present, greater distress when mother away, running to her when back but then pushing her away
  • disorganised/disoriented - dazed and detached when mother leaves, angry when she returns, show fear (autism, spectrum disorder, down syndrome)
68
Q

secure attachment is characterised by
a - child looking to the mother for approval of gender-appropriate behaviour
b - child not crying when the mother leaves as she or he knows she will return
c - a willingness of child to use the caregiver as the secure base to explore the environment
d - child acting both relieved and angry at he caregiver after seeing her again after separation

A

c - a willingness of child to use the caregiver as the secure base to explore the environment

69
Q

Brice showed problems with hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on in university he was diagnosed with various psychopathologies. He’s most likely had ______________ attachment?
a - difficult
b - insecure/resistant
c - insecure/avoidant
d - disorganised/disoriented

A

d - disorganised/disoriented (correlated with abuse and neglect)

70
Q

Developmental disorder marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development and repetitive behaviour

A

Autism spectrum disorder

71
Q

Percentage of children in Australia with autism spectrum disorder

A

2.5%

72
Q

Autism spectrum disorder is usually diagnosed at the age

A

2-3, toddlerhood

73
Q

Early signs of autism spectrum disorder in infancy are attributed to ________ but diagnosis becomes more definite in toddlerhood.

A

temperament

74
Q

Term used in media research how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities

A

displacement effect

75
Q

Screen time for children 2-5 should be limited to ____ hour per day.

A

One

76
Q

Toddlers form ________ attachments to their siblings as they are typically not their primary caregivers.

A

secondary

77
Q

Toddlerhood________ seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages.

A

friendships

78
Q

Fathers provide less caregiving and are more involved in ______ activities.

A

recreation, playing

79
Q

One of the most characteristic behaviours of children with ASD is preoccupation with________.

A

repetitive movement

80
Q

In western cultures a child is considered toilet training ready when the child can stay ‘dry’ for how long during the day?

A

1-2 hours

81
Q

A child calling all dogs ‘Spot’ in and example of _________.

A

Overextension

82
Q

When children can identify themselves and other as either male or female, they have developed________.
a - gender identity
b - gender expectations
c - gender stereotypes
d - custom complexes

A

a - gender identity

83
Q

Attachment is formed across all cultures to people around and who provide loving, protective care. True/False

A

True

84
Q

Research shows that media can have ______ effect and inspire prosocial play among toddlers.

A

positive (as any other input given to children, the effects are determined by the content)

85
Q

Self-reflection enables toddlers to develop:
a - the social metric scale
b - biological awareness
c - sociomoral emotions
d - self-recognition

A

c - sociomoral emotions

86
Q
A
87
Q

Your nephew loves cats. You have a large black cat that you named “Midnight.” Your nephew readily learned your cat’s name, but now calls all cats “Midnight.” Surely your nephew does not think that every cat’s name is “Midnight.” Why is this happening? Your nephew’s behaviour is an example of ____.

A

Overextension

Developmental Psychology University of South Australia (5 decks)

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