Toddlerhood Flashcards
According to the WHO about 53% of children in Asia and 41% in Africa may be at risk of
stunting (prevent from growing or developing properly)
Protein deficiency that prevents development and increases risk of disease (body swells with water)
kwashiorkor (lethargy, skin lesions, thinning hair)
micronutrients
vit A, B12, C and D
The lack of which crucial micronutrient inhibits cognitive growth affecting IQ and is lacking in 1/3 of the world?
iodine
Vitamin most lacked in developed countries?
Vit D
Brain development is mostly due to increase in
synaptic density
Synaptic density peaks at what age?
around age 3, end of toddlerhood
Synaptic pruning begins when?
after synaptic density peaks
EEG detects brain activity only in ________ while fMRI detects activity in ________.
cerebral cortex, any part of brain
Sleep decreases from 16-18 hours to
15 hours by first birthday
12-13 hours by second bday.
Molar teeth start coming at what age?
13 to 19 months
Early brain development in toddlerhood is most distinguished by
a - formation of the cerebral cortex
b - the production of new brain cells
c - increased activity in the amygdala
d - the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons
d) the steep increase in the density of synaptic connections among neurons
which statement best describes sleep behaviour during toddlerhood
a - children sleep consistently through the night
b - sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures
c - increased activity results in children sleeping more than in infancy
d - the increased sense of self results in most toddlers wanting to sleep alone
b - sleeping alone is rare in traditional cultures
Garret is approaching toddlerhood. During the next year he should be able to______.
a - use a fork and knife with coordination
b- hold a cup and scribble with crayons
c - brush his teeth
d - walk up and down stairs withouth holding on to anything
b- hold a cup and scribble with crayons
Most toddlers show readiness for toilet training at what age?
around 24 months
Controlled elimination in traditional cultures
Learning to control elimination from watching and imitating other children
Which of the following variables has been shown to be correlated with the timing of toilet training in some western cultures?
a- number of children in the family
b - education level of the parents
c- marital status of the primary caregiver
d - location of the toilet in the house
b - education level of the parents (the more educated the parents are the later children tend to be toilet trained , possibly indicative of greater familiarity with current best practices.
In western cultures child is considered ready for toilet training when it can show basic ________
level of independent activity
Why is it more challenging to wean a toddler than an infant?
a - toddler has developed teeth and might unconsciously resist with biting behaviour
b - toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behaviour
c- toddle are naturally opposed to anything their parents want them to do
d - breastfeeding a toddler is more socially acceptable in many cultures
b - toddler is more socially aware and has a greater capacity to exercise intentional behaviour
Toddler from a traditional culture weaning from breastfeeding is likely:
a - be given formula instead of milk
b - be abruptly weaned at age 1
c - still be breastfeeding at age 5
d - have experienced some customary practice for being weaned
d - have experienced some customary practice for being weaned
Tertiary circular reactions (intentional from the beginning) are circular like secondary (action occurs by accident and is intentionally repeated) circular reactions? True/False
True
What is the final stage of sensorimotor development (18-24 months) in which toddler first thinks and accordingly select the action to achieve desired outcome?
Mental representations
A not B error still occasionally happens in toddlerhood?
True/False
True - even occasionally in early childhood (4-5 years)
_________ imitation is the ability to repeat actions observed earlier
Deferred (eg tantrum, making a meal, feeding baby, digging hole)
Deferred imitation is shown to show as early as 6 _____ of age.
weeks
By the age of 2 years old, toddlers can go beyond appearance of objects to _________ them on the basis of functionality or quality.
categorise
Vygotsky’s theory is referred to as ________ theory due to his view that cognitive development is both social and cultural process.
sociocultural
social - children need help from others
cultural - what they know is determined by culture
Two most influential ideas of Vygotsky are:
- zone of proximal development and
- scaffolding
Distance between skills or tasks a child can accomplish alone and those child can do with someone’s help?
zone of proximal development
Self-guiding and self-directing speech children begin as they learn in the zone of proximal development?
Private speech
Private speech increases or decreases as children become more competent in learning?
decreases - they begin to internalise it
A degree of assistance provided to children in the zone of proximal development?
Scaffolding
Is scaffolding distinct for children?
no - it happens through out life every time a new skill is learned
Who’s idea is guided participation?
Barbara Rogoff
Interaction between two people (Rogoff) is referred to as:
guided participation
child intentionally tipped his water over and over again. According to Piaget the child is at the ______________ stage.
a - primary circular reactions
b - tertiary circular reactions
c - simple reflexes
d - secondary circular reactions
b - tertiary circular reactions (action is intentional)
A child sees a parent stirring a pot and the next day picked up a toy bowl and spoon and began ‘stirring’, This is an example of _____________.
a - deferred imitation
b - sorting objects into categories
c - tertiary circular reactions
d - the A not B error
a - deferred imitation
When children generally avoid the A not B error they ___________.
a - are in the stage of tertiary circular reaction
b - understanding scaffolding
c - show the ability to categorise
d - have attained object permanence
d - have attained object permanence
According to Vygotsky ___________ interaction is required for cognitive learning.
Social
According to Vygotsky, children learn best if the instructions provided are___________.
a - a good fit with their learning style
b - concrete in nature
c - developed by an educational specialist
d - withing the zone of proximal development
d - withing the zone of proximal development
The ability to take the word symbols of a language and combine them in a virtually infinite number of new ways?
Infinite generativity - distinct feature of human language
Area in the left frontal lobe specialised for language production?
Broca’s area
Area in the left temporal lobe specialised for language comprehension?
Wernicke’s area
Language acquisition device (LAD) according to Chomsky?
innate feature of the brain that enables children to perceive and grasp quickly the grammatical rules in the language around them
Basic rule of grammar are learn at age?
2-3 years old
A single words that can represent a whole sentence?
Holophrases
A single word that represents a variety of related objects?
Overextension - associations made with objects that remind them of the original
Applying a general word to a specific object?
Underextension - use of words in a very limited way
Speaking (language production) lags behind
comprehension (understanding)
A toddler refers to their family cat as ‘cat’ and not by its name is an example of________.
Underextension
A child calling juice milk because they know its’s a drink?
Overextension
A child repeatedly says ‘ball’ in anything to do with ball (throwing, catching, loosing it)
Holophrase
Naming explosion or vocabulary spurt
Rapid expansion of words used per week
Fast mapping - not due to memory but ability to quickly infer the meaning
remembering word after just one time of being told what an object is
Girls vocabulary increases at the same pace as boys. True or False
False, girls increase faster
Telegraphic speech (18-24 months) is a _____ words phrase that strips away words such as ‘the’ ‘and’
two (eg. see doggie, big car, my ball)
Syntax
Word order (eg see doggie not doggie see)
The difference between apes and human when it comes to learning language is_______.
a - the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways (infinite generativity)
b - the inability of apes to learn motor movements and signs from humans
c - the inability of apes to make requests
d - the faster pace of human’s sign language
a - the inability of apes to generate word symbols in an infinite number of ways (infinite generativity distinct to humans)
Nona was in a serious car accident and suffered damage to her Broca’s area. Which of the following is likely to results?
a - she will feel no emotion
b - short-term memory loss
c - difficulty with speech comprehension
d - difficulty producing speech
d - difficulty producing speech
Which of the following is overextension?
a - child saying “The sun is smiling at me’
b - child saying “Mommy goed to the store”
c - child calling all men “Dada”
d - child saying “Mommy gone”
c - child calling all men “Dada”
Thirsty child points to the glass on the counter and says ‘juice”. This is an example of_______.
a - overregulation
b - fast mapping
c - underextension
d - a holophrase
d - a holophrase (single word)
In some cultures direct stimulation of language development is discourages due to ________
belief that it is not necessary to speak directly to young children as they are not able to converse productively
Sociomoral emotions
secondary emotions evoked based on what the toddler has learned from cultural standards of right and wrong
Internalised set of moral standards that guide behaviour and emotions, developed by the age of 2.
Conscience
Conscience
Self-recognition (2-3 years)
ability to recognise one’s image in the mirror as one’s self
Self reflection (second half of 2nd year)
capacity to think about themselves as they would think about other people and objects
4 attachment styles
- secure - mother is a secure base, cry when absent, happy when back
- insecure/avoidant - little to no interaction with mother with no
response to her presence or absence - insecure/resistant - little interest to explore when mother present, greater distress when mother away, running to her when back but then pushing her away
- disorganised/disoriented - dazed and detached when mother leaves, angry when she returns, show fear (autism, spectrum disorder, down syndrome)
secure attachment is characterised by
a - child looking to the mother for approval of gender-appropriate behaviour
b - child not crying when the mother leaves as she or he knows she will return
c - a willingness of child to use the caregiver as the secure base to explore the environment
d - child acting both relieved and angry at he caregiver after seeing her again after separation
c - a willingness of child to use the caregiver as the secure base to explore the environment
Brice showed problems with hostility and cognitive deficits. Later on in university he was diagnosed with various psychopathologies. He’s most likely had ______________ attachment?
a - difficult
b - insecure/resistant
c - insecure/avoidant
d - disorganised/disoriented
d - disorganised/disoriented (correlated with abuse and neglect)
Developmental disorder marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development and repetitive behaviour
Autism spectrum disorder
Percentage of children in Australia with autism spectrum disorder
2.5%
Autism spectrum disorder is usually diagnosed at the age
2-3, toddlerhood
Early signs of autism spectrum disorder in infancy are attributed to ________ but diagnosis becomes more definite in toddlerhood.
temperament
Term used in media research how media use occupies time that may have been spent on other activities
displacement effect
Screen time for children 2-5 should be limited to ____ hour per day.
One
Toddlers form ________ attachments to their siblings as they are typically not their primary caregivers.
secondary
Toddlerhood________ seem to have many of the same features of friendships at other ages.
friendships
Fathers provide less caregiving and are more involved in ______ activities.
recreation, playing
One of the most characteristic behaviours of children with ASD is preoccupation with________.
repetitive movement
In western cultures a child is considered toilet training ready when the child can stay ‘dry’ for how long during the day?
1-2 hours
A child calling all dogs ‘Spot’ in and example of _________.
Overextension
When children can identify themselves and other as either male or female, they have developed________.
a - gender identity
b - gender expectations
c - gender stereotypes
d - custom complexes
a - gender identity
Attachment is formed across all cultures to people around and who provide loving, protective care. True/False
True
Research shows that media can have ______ effect and inspire prosocial play among toddlers.
positive (as any other input given to children, the effects are determined by the content)
Self-reflection enables toddlers to develop:
a - the social metric scale
b - biological awareness
c - sociomoral emotions
d - self-recognition
c - sociomoral emotions
Your nephew loves cats. You have a large black cat that you named “Midnight.” Your nephew readily learned your cat’s name, but now calls all cats “Midnight.” Surely your nephew does not think that every cat’s name is “Midnight.” Why is this happening? Your nephew’s behaviour is an example of ____.
Overextension
