Adolescence Flashcards
Set of biological changes involved in reaching physical and sexual maturity.
Puberty
Adolescence is ______ constructed due to cultural variations in how adulthood and adult roles are defined.
culturally
Adolescence usually begins after the age of _____ and ends by the age ____.
10, 20
Oestradiol _______.
a - is a sex hormone that is regulated by the amygdala
b - is an androgen important in pubertal development
c - is produced only in females
d - increases in females by the mid-teens
d - increases in females by the mid-teens
Which of the following is a secondary sex characteristic?
a - breasts
b - vagina
c - ova
d - fallopian tubes
a - breasts
In regard to the onset/timing of puberty, who of the following is more at risk of substance use and delinquency?
a - on-time maturing boys
b - late-maturing boys
c - late-maturing girls
d - early-maturing girls
d - early-maturing girls (due to involvement with older teens, negative body image and associated behavioural problems).
Tran is an 8 yrs old girl who lives in a western country in an urban area. If one were to compare the timing of puberty for Tran to the timing of puberty for their ancestral female lineage, one would expect that Tran will experience puberty ________ others did in her family’s history.
a - significantly older than
b - sightly older than
c - similar to when
d - younger than
d - younger than
In many traditional cultures, young men are required to demonstrate courage, strength and endurance in their common-of-age ritual because:
a - they want to assert their power over women
b - there are required by national law
c - daily life often requires these capacities
d - it is a way to show off for the young women observing.
c - daily life often requires these capacities (reflection of what is required of adult men)
Adolescent metamorphosis includes some distinct body changes such as:
growth spurt, pubic hair and underarm hair, body shape, breast development, menstruation in girls, facial hair in boys…..
Pubescere is a latin word for puberty meaning _______.
‘to grow hairy’
Two classes of sex hormones are _____ and ________.
Oestrogens, androgens
Most important puberty oestrogen is ________ and the most important androgen is _________.
oestradiol, testosterone
Oestradiol is only a female hormone, while testosterone is only male hormone. True/False
False, both are produce by male and female but the balance changes in puberty
By mid teens, oestradiol is about ___ times higher in girls, and ___ times higher in boys than before puberty.
8, 2
_________ sex characteristics are directly related to reproduction, the production of ova and sperm.
Primary
Females release about ____ ova in the course of their reproductive life.
400
Development of sperm in boys testicles at puberty is called _______.
spermache
Typical male ejaculation contains between ____ to _____ million sperm, or 1 million every day.
100, 300
Bodily changes resulting from the rise of sex hormones but not related to reproduction.
Secondary sex characteristic (growth of pubic hair, oily skin, sweat, voice changes)
Sharp increase in synaptic connection that takes place around time puberty begins (10-12 years) is called _________.
overproduction or synaptic exuberance
The ______ lobes are involved in most of the higher brain functions such as planning ahead, solving problems and moral judgments.
frontal
Overproduction peaks around age 11 or 12 followed by massive amount of ________ pruning.
synaptic
What is the percentage of brain volume lost between ages of 12-20 as a result of synaptic pruning?
7-10 percent
Blanket of fat wrapped around the main part of the neuron is __________.
myelin
Myelination _______ the speed of brain’s electrical system.
increases
Synaptic pruning and myelination make brain functioning more/less flexible and changeable.
Less
The last structure of the brain to stop growing, with overproduction and pruning finishing around mid 20s.
Cerebellum (higher functions such as maths, music, decision making, social skills, humour)
Voice change in boys occurs usually at the age of _______.
11 or as late as 15
In the western countries, girls begin puberty about 2 years earlier than boys, while in some traditional cultures boys reach puberty before girls. True/False
True
Puberty is influenced by cultural environments (e.g. nutrition, medical care). True/False
True
A ________ trend is a change in the characteristics of a population over time.
secular
Menarche age has been stable since 1970 due to adequate nutrition and medical care being widespread in developed countries. True/False
True
Typically, in developed countries the age of menarche is _____ years old, and in developing countries _______ .
12.5, 15
Early maturing girls are at high risk of behavioural problems while early maturing boys generally have more favourable body image and higher popularity. True/False
True
Late maturing boys have higher rates of alcohol use and delinquency while late maturing girls have fewer problems. True/False
True
Symptoms and behaviours of an eating disorder but at a lesser frequency and lower severity.
Disordered eating behaviour
Dissatisfaction with body image, prevalent in _____ 37% vs 13% in _____.
girls, boys
Two most common eating disorders are _______ and ________.
- anorexia nervosa (intentional self-starvation)
- bulimia (binge eating accompanied by purging)
___ percent of Australian population are estimated to have an eating disorder.
Four
Most eating disorders have an onset in teens and early 20s. True/False
True
Four primary symptoms of anorexia:
- inability to maintain body weight at 85%
- fear of weight gain
- lack of menstruation
- distorted body image
Individuals with anorexia view their behaviour as normal while bulimia cases see it as not normal. True/False
True
Both anorexia and bulimia are characterised by low body weigh. True/False
False (bulimia usually maintains normal body weight)
Tobacco smoking and alcohol use in Australia, among adolescence is increasing. True/False
False
Substance use is classified as:
- experimental (one off)
- social (during social activities)
- medicinal (to relieve emotional states such as sadness, anxiety, stress)
Which of the following is most accurate:
a - people with bulimia are usually slightly underweight
b - over the past decade, anorexia nervosa has become more common in males than in females
c - person with bulimia do not view themselves as having a problem and regards their eating patterns as normal
d - bulimia is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa
d - bulimia is slightly more common than anorexia nervosa (1% vs 0.3%)
Which of the following adolescents is LEAST likely to be a heavy drinker?
a - Jon from New Zealand
b - Chen from China
c - Karl from Germany
d - Marc from Canada
b - Chen from China
According to Piaget, adolescence is the stage of ________.
formal operations (begins at 11 until 15-20)
Complex tasks, abstract thinking and ability to imagine a wide range of possible solutions are examples of _______ stage.
formal operations
Ability to think scientifically and apply it to cognitive tasks is known as __________ reasoning.
hypothetical-deductive
Formal operations stage has been most criticised with limitations falling into two categories:
- individual differences in the attainment of formal operations
- cultural basis of adolescent cognitive developement
Capacity to think about thinking.
Metacognition
Difficulty distinguishing own thinking about own thought from thinking about the thoughts of others.
adolescent egocentrism
The idea of adolescent egocentrism was pioneered by Piaget and further developed by ________.
David Elkind
According to Elkind, adolescent egocentrism has two aspects:
- imaginary audience
- personal fable
Imaginary audience is a belief that others are thinking about them as much as they think of themselves, making them more __________.
self conscious
Belief in own uniqueness often associated with risk taking behaviours (invulnerability).
Personal fable
You recently watched your nephew who is 13 years old, trying to systemically work out why his bike’s gears won’t work. Your were fascinated by the problem-solving strategies used as you remember that only few months ago he would not have been able to perform at his level. According to Piaget, this is___________.
a - hypothetical-deductive reasoning
b - seriation
c - working backwards
d - brainstorming
a - hypothetical-deductive reasoning
Which of the following is the most accurate based on research on formal operational thinking?
a - once people obtain formal operational thinking skills, they use them consistently across all tasks and situations.
b - the way that FO thinking is manifested is likely to be different across different cultures
c - adolescent who have had courses in the language arts and music are more likely than other adolescents to exhibit formal operation thought.
d - people tend to use FO for problems in which they have less experience and knowledge.
b - the way that FO thinking is manifested is likely to be different across different cultures (although universal human potential, the form FO takes depends on kinds of problems encountered in daily lives)
What is the capacity of long-term memory?
a - limit of 4 billion engrams
b - limit of 7 plus or minus 2 items
c - essentially unlimited
d - limit of 7 plus or minus 1 item
c - essentially unlimited
Jace thinks he is a really good driver. He often speeds on long stretches of highway and doesn’t usually slow down on the curves. He brags to his friends that he can drive fast because he knows what he is doing. He says that accidents only happens to bad drivers. His way of thinking demonstrates ___________.
a - the personal fable
b - hypothetical-deductive reasoning
c - the imaginary audience
d - selective attention
a - the personal fable
When learning to weave, boys in the Dioula culture start by watching their fathers weave. The boy starts working on his own to complete simple patter and gets help when makes mistakes. He continues to consult his father as he moved on more complex tasks before being able to work independently. This is an example of ___________.
a - hypothetical-deductive reasoning
b - divided attention
c - scaffolding
d - accommodation
c - scaffolding
Memorising information through repetition is known as _________ learning.
rote
Rote learning is the main focus in eastern schools (Japan, South Korea) while western schools pay more emphasis on critical thinking and creativity. True/False
True
The practice of coercing or forcing people to engage in sex work.
Commercial sexual exploitation
Students from _______ usually have three types of secondary schools.
a - US
b - Europe
c - Canada
d - Japan
b - Europe (college-preparatory, professional and vocational)
Compared to their peers in some countries, adolescents in Asian countries ________.
a - have a shorter school year
b - are taught with an emphasis on critical thinking and creativity
c - have a shorter school day
d - have to take entrance exams for both high school and university
d - have to take entrance exams for both high school and university
In maths and science, students from ______ consistently score at the top.
a - Russia and China
b - China and Wales
c - US and China
d - Japan and South Korea
d - Japan and South Korea (STEM learning)
If you are an adolescent living in ________, you are most likely to be participating in an apprenticeship program.
a - Germany
b - US
c - New Zealand
d - Canada
a - Germany
Unlike in developing countries, the work done by adolescents in developed countries does little to prepare them for the kind of work they are likely to be doing as adults. True/ False
True
Emotional state becomes more negative during adolescence. True/False
True
Self conception in adolescents is distinction between_______ self and ______ self.
- actual (your own self-concept)
- possible (different people you imagine you could become in the future)
Possible self is distinguished by ______ self and ______ self.
- ideal (the person adolescent would like to be e.g. highly successful, well liked)
- feared (the person adolescent fears becoming e.g. an alcoholic)
Large discrepancy between actual self and ideal self can result in feeling of failure, inadequacy and depression. True/False
True
Self-esteem decline in early adolescence then rises through late adolescence and emerging adulthood. True/False
True
Intensified socialisation pressure to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles.
Gender-intensification hypothesis
Gender intensification is stronger in traditional cultures than in the west. True/False
True
Dr Rose often uses the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) in her research. Which of the following is most likely to be the topic of her work?
a - the effects of different lighting conditions on mating behaviour
b - changes in emotions between childhood and adolescence
c - gender differences in academic interests
d - the part time work experiences of adolescents from different countries
b - changes in emotions between childhood and adolescence
Larson and Richards (1994) compared preadolescents to adolescents and found that the percent of time experienced as ‘very happy’ ________.
a - stayed the same
b - increased slightly
c - decreased
d - increased dramatically
c - decreased
When comparing the emotions experienced by American adolescents with those of their parents, researcher found that the adolescents reported feeling _____ more often.
a - self conscious
b - happy
c - bored
d - proud
a - self conscious
Research has shown that during adolescence, ________ is most strongly related to global self-esteem.
a - athletic competence
b - scholastic competence
c - social acceptance
d - physical appearance
d - physical appearance
Kohlberg’s 3 levels of moral development:
Level 1 - preconventional reasoning (reward/punishment)
Level 2 - conventional reasoning (conforming to the moral expectations set by tradition and by authorities)
Level 3 - postconventional reasoning - (based on independent judgments and perception)
A child helping grandmother after school because they are given extra allowance is an example of ______ morality.
preconventional
Compliance with COVID 19 measures as everyone is doing it and it seems the right thing to do is an example of ________ morality.
conventional
A woman steels bread and milk to feed her family after losing her job is an example of ________ morality.
postconventional
Kohlberg’s proposition of a universal theory of moral development has been challenged by Shweder and his student Jensen, who believe that it is impossible to understand moral development unless you understand individual’s ___________.
a - cultural worldview
b - intellectual abilities
c - personality factors
d - social context
a - cultural worldview
Research on Kohlberg’s stages of moral development ________.
a - is based on the premise that what matters is the content of moral reasoning, not the structure
b - showed that the stages tended to increase with age, but that few proceeded to Level 3
c - showed that more than half of participants slipped to a lower level over time
d - was originally conducted with a large national sample of males and females
b - showed that the stages tended to increase with age, but that few proceeded to Level 3
Adolescents who engage in religious practices have notably lower rates of delinquent behaviour. True/False
True
_______ religious individuals often follow the religious choice of their parent but do not see faith as playing an important role in their everyday life.
Nominally
Conflict in adolescence ________.
a - is similar in frequency to that observed in traditional cultures
b - is more frequent between early-maturing adolescents and their parents compared to on-time adolescents and their parents
c - is most intense between fathers and sons
d - steadily increases until the end of emerging adulthood.
b - is more frequent between early-maturing adolescents and their parents compared to on-time adolescents and their parents (sexual issues)
Sanjay is part of a small group of friend, also known as a _______, who eat lunch together at school every day and socialise with each other on the weekends.
a - faction
b - clique
c - crowd
d - subgroup
b - clique (small group of friend who know each other well and socialise often)
Menna is an adolescent from a western culture. When asked about the most important feature of her friendships, she is most likely to mention ________.
a - similar interests
b - sharing personal thoughts and feelings
c - similar future goals
d - the popularity of the person
b - sharing personal thoughts and feelings
The _______ culture is common in northern Europe and encourages responsible sexual activity in adolescents.
permissive
Theo is and adolescent boy who often gets in trouble for underage drinking, vandalism and trespassing. This is due to immature _______.
a - hypothalamus
b - frontal lobe
c - occipital lobe
d - pituitary gland
b - frontal lobe (Theo is showing issues with self-regulation)
__________ delinquent behaviour that is limited to adolescence.
Adolescent-limited
Rates of depressed mood increase notably from middle childhood to adolescence. True/False
True
Adolescent are most likely to exhibit their false selves with _______.
a - dating partners
b - close friends
c - acquaintances
d - parents
a - dating partners
Compared to his brother at university, Jonah is more likely to think that if he starts smoking marijuana, he will be able to quit when he wants to and nothing bad will happen. This way of thinking demonstrates _________.
a - the imaginary audience
b - the personal fable
c - selective attention
d - hypothetical reasoning
b - the personal fable
In western countries, conflict with parents _________.
a - is highest during middle childhood
b- declines in late adolescence
c - steadily increases until the end of emerging adulthood
d - remains constant during adolescence
b- declines in late adolescence (due to better self-regulation skills and more confident senses)
Australia as semi-restrictive culture has prohibitions on premarital adolescent sex, but formally prohibitions are not strongly enforced. True/False
True
A small percentage (10) of young men commit the majority of crimes (two-thirds of all offences). True/False
True
