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Developmental Psychology University of South Australia > Early Childhood/Preschool Years > Flashcards

Early Childhood/Preschool Years Flashcards

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1
Q

Boys age?
96cm tall and weight 14.5kg
110cm tall and weight 18.5kg

A

3 and 5 years old

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2
Q

Girls age?
96cm tall and weight 14kg
108cm tall and weight 18kg

A

3 and 5

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3
Q

Most boys and girls add more fat or muscle during weight gain during early childhood?

A

Muscle

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4
Q

In 2020 world wide what percentage of children were stunted?

A

22%, app 149 million children

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5
Q

Full set of ____ primary teeth by the age of 3.

A

20

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6
Q

Teeth replacement begins at the age of ____ and teeth are replaced by ____ permanent teeth.

A

6, 32

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7
Q

Worldwide percentage of children with tooth decay due to diets high in sugar and starches?

A

70%

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8
Q

Children in developing countries have less tooth decay compared to developed countries. True/False

A

False (more decay compared to children in developed countries)

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9
Q

Brain size at ages 3 and 5?

A

70% and 90% of adult weight

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10
Q

The _______ lobes grows faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during early childhood.

A

frontal

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11
Q

During early childhood the neurons continue _______?

A

Decline (due to synaptic pruning)

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12
Q

Brain size increase is due to dendritic connections between neurons and myelination. True/False

A

True

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13
Q

Four parts of the brain especially notable for myelination during early childhood?

A
  1. Corpus callosum (connects right and left hemispheres)
  2. Cerebellum (balance and movements)
  3. Hippocampus (transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory)
  4. Reticular formation (controls attention)
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14
Q

Child’s increased ability to jump, run, climb and throw ball is due to increased myelination in the _________.

A

cerebellum

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15
Q

Child’s increased attention is due to increased myelination in the _______.

A

reticular formation

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16
Q

Autobiographical memory (memory for personal events and experiences) is limited prior to the age of 5 due to

A

undeveloped hippocampus which is involved in the transfer from short-term to long-term memory.

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17
Q

Transfer from short-term to long-term memory is completed by the age of ____’

A

5

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18
Q

Loss of memory up to the age 4 or 5 is known as _____________.

A

infantile amnesia.

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19
Q

Trauma in childhood affects autobiographical memory due to reduced level of ________ which is linked to poor connections between brain structures.

A

cortisol

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20
Q

Autobiographical memory is present earlier in children from the developed countries (6 months earlier) due to greater attention on ____________.

A

individual experiences

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21
Q

Mineral responsible for the growth of teeth and bones, and important for Vit D apsorbtion, that is most commonly deficient in children?

A

Calcium

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22
Q

Hidden hunger

A

Deficiencies in vitamins and nutrients essential for development

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23
Q

Two most common nutritional deficiencies:

A

protein and iron

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24
Q

Iron deficiency that affects fatigue, irritability, attention, cognitive and social development, is known as

A

anaemia

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25
Q

Usual causes of death in developing countries:

A

pneumonia, malaria and measles

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26
Q

During early childhood _______.
a - most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions
b - girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys
c - the amount of tooth decay is similar between developed and developing countries
d - physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years

A

a - most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions (due to fat loss)

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27
Q

One of the children is unable to sit still while the other sits through the entire story time at the library. This is due to more fully development of ________.
a - corpus callosum
b - hippocampus
c - cerebellum
d - reticular formation

A

d - reticular formation

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28
Q

Limited autobiographic memory prior to age 5 is due to incomplete myelination of the _________.
a - hippocampus
b - corpus callosum
c - reticular formation
d - Broca’s area

A

a - hippocampus

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29
Q

Walter is a 5 yr boy from New Zealand. Based on research, his nutritional problem is most likely to be:
a - calcium deficiency
b - marasmus
c - kwashiorkor
d - protein deficiency

A

a - calcium deficiency

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30
Q

Accidental injury among young children is higher in developed countries. True/False

A

True (fairly common in developed countries)

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31
Q

By age 6 children can draw shapes, first letter and words, even own name. True/False

A

True

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32
Q

A preference for left or right hand use _________.

A

handedness.

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33
Q

90% of foetuses and children have preference for the ________ thumb/hand preference?

A

right

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34
Q

One quarter of left-handers process language in _____ hemispheres rather than primarily left hemisphere as right handers.

A

both

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35
Q

Gender differences in gross motor development appear from the age ______.

A

3-6

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36
Q

By the age of ___, children usually have developed motor skills enough to draw recognisable objects.

A

5

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37
Q

Left-handed child is likely to learn to be right-handed in Asian or African cultures than in Australia? True/False

A

True

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38
Q

Left handed children are likely to be born prematurely. True or False

A

True

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39
Q

At what age children can hop, jump, climb, throw and run?

A

3-6

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40
Q

Representational thinking occurs in _______ childhood.

A

early

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41
Q

According to Piaget, 2-7 is the _______ stage.

A

preoperational

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42
Q

Principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.

A

Conservation

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43
Q

Focusing on one noticeable aspect while excluding other important aspects’

A

Centration

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44
Q

Ability to reverse action mentally (such as see that the amount of water poured between two glasses is the same)

A

Reversibility

45
Q

Inability to distinguish between own and another person’s perspective.

A

Egocentrism (three mountains task)

46
Q

Tendency to attribute human thoughts and feeling to inanimate objects and forces.

A

Animism (eg. thunder is angry or moon is following them)

47
Q

Ability to understand that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one ‘class’ or group

A

Classification (yellow and blue flowers test)

48
Q

A young boy doesn’t realise that a group of red blocks can also belong to a larger group of multi-coloured blocks.

A

Classification

49
Q

When the sky rains, a young girl assumes it is because the sky is sad.

A

Animism

50
Q

A child can only focus on the height of a glass of cordial, rather than realising that the width comes into the amount too.

A

Centration

51
Q

A child doesn’t realise that a group of blocks that are spread out are the same amount of blocks if they are close together.

A

Conservation

52
Q

Ability to understand thinking processes in one’s self and others and understand different perspectives and beliefs

A

Theory of mind

53
Q

5 years old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of________.
a - reversibility
b - animism
c - sensorimotor thought
d - centration

A

b - animism

54
Q

Theory of mind is measured by________.

A

false-belief tasks

55
Q

Theory of mind begins around age 5. True or False

A

False ( it can happen earlier)

56
Q

3 years old vocabulary contains around _______ words.
6 years old vocabulary contains around _______ words.

A

1.000
2.500

57
Q

English language fast maps nouns earlier than verbs, while in eastern languages verbs earlier than nouns. True/False

A

True

58
Q

90% correct use of gramma is by age ____.

A

4

59
Q

Sensitive period for language is in ______.

A

early childhood

60
Q

Jean Berco (1958) asked children to respond to series of questions involving ________ words, to which children could still apply gramma.

A

nonsense

61
Q

Children who learn English have been shown to fast map ______ first.
a - adjectives
b - nouns
c - verbs
d - possessives

A

b - nouns

62
Q

Four year old Nicco uses infant-direct speech when talking to neighbour’s new baby. This demonstrates:
a - fast mapping
b - overregularisation
c - existence of the language acquisition device
d - pragmatics

A

d - pragmatics (Nicco is adjusting the language according to appropriate social rules)

63
Q

Grammar develops by hearing and using the language in daily interactions and no special training is required. True or False

A

True

64
Q

Pragmatics guide us in knowing what to say and what not to say in a given social situation. By the age of ____ children are able to adjust their speech accordingly.

A

4

65
Q

Ability to control own emotions (one of the major developmental tasks of early childhood)

A

emotional self-regulation

66
Q

_______ cortex promotes emotional self-regulation

A

Frontal

67
Q

Strategies used by children to deal with emotionally challenging situations (e.g. leaving, talking to themselves, directing attention to something else)

A

effortful control

68
Q

Process by which children acquire the behaviours and beliefs of the culture they live in

A

Socialisation

69
Q

Trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation that leads to externalising problems (eg aggression, conflict with others)

A

Undercontrol

70
Q

Trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation that lead to internalising problems (anxiety, depression)

A

Overcontrol

71
Q

Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.

A

females, males

72
Q

A child yells and screams when they receive wrong chips flavour.

A

Undercontrol

73
Q

A child doesn’t show when they are happy or sad, or shows it to the expectation of those around them.

A

Overcontrol

74
Q

Children grasp moral standards, such as right and wrong, around the age of ____.

A

5

75
Q

Morality is learnt through custom complexes, religion, older generations and stories. True/False

A

True

76
Q

Expressing the same behaviour as observed the behaviour of others.

A

Modelling

77
Q

Moral reasoning such as justice and fairness occurs around the age of ___

A

3-4.

78
Q

Moral reasoning such as justice and fairness occurs around the age of ___

A

3-4.

79
Q

Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.

A

females, males

80
Q

Difference between lying and truth, age 4.
Moral judgment based on fear of punishment.

A

True

81
Q

Gender identity (male or female) is attained by the age of ____.

A

2

82
Q

Understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change, attained at age 6-7.

A

Gender constancy

83
Q

A child who has not reaches gender constancy may assume that if a boy puts on a dress they become a girl. True/False

A

True

84
Q

Fathers promote conformity to gender roles more than mothers. True/False

A

True

85
Q

Gender-based cognitive structures for organising and processing information, comprising expectations for males and females appearance and behaviour

A

Gender schema (eg pink for girls, blue for boys…..)

86
Q

Process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behaviour

A

Self-socialisation (eg. boys doing boys things, girls doing girls things)

87
Q

Temper tantrums and crying decrees from age 2-6, due to emotional regulation. True/False

A

True

88
Q

The way we organise and process information in terms of gender based categories is
a - gender stereotyping
b - gender schemas
c - self-socialisation
d - gender constancy

A

b - gender schemas

89
Q

Chris realised that even though his teacher dressed up like Michal Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Chris would be:
a - 7 years old
b - 4 years old
c - has not yet attained gender identity, but knows the gender identity of the teacher
d - uses gender schemas but does not yet understand gender constancy

A

a - 7 years old

90
Q

Percentage of children 3-5 enrolled in preschool in developed countries _____ and in Australia______.

A

87%, 89%

91
Q

Preschool teaching should be based on:
a - repetition and rote learning to ensure the mastery of core concepts
b - unstructured, hands on experiences
c - whole language learning
d - building skills for science, technology, maths

A

b - unstructured, hands on experiences

92
Q

Degree to which parents set down rules and expectations required to comply with ______________, and the degree to which parents respond to child’s needs with love, warmth and concern__________.

A

demandingness, responsivness

93
Q

4 parenting styles

A
  1. Authoritative - high demandingness and high responsiveness
  2. Authoritarian - high demandingness and low responsiveness
  3. Permissive - low demandingness and high responsiveness
  4. Disengaged - low in both demandingness and responsiveness.
94
Q

Principle that in relations between two people each of them affects the other

A

reciprocal or bidirectional effects

95
Q

In Asian cultures children are expected to respect, obey and revere their parents throughout life

A

filial piety

96
Q

Time out has been found to be beneficial for young children. True/False

A

True

97
Q

Parenting strategy that uses shame and withdrawal of love, named by American researchers

A

psychological control

98
Q

Physical punishment of children

A

corporal punishment

99
Q

Child maltreatment includes:

A
  • physical abuse
  • emotional abuse
  • sexual abuse
  • neglect
100
Q

Mead’s social stages

A

0-2 Lap child - needs constant care, doted by others
3-4 Knee child - still cared for mainly by mothers, but spends more time with other children too
5-6 Yard child - more time spent with same sex peers, sometimes unsupervised

101
Q

Use of aggressive behaviour or words to get something

A

instrumental aggression

102
Q

Child that exhibit signs of anger and intend to inflict pain or harm on others

A

Hostile aggression

103
Q

Damaging another person’s reputation through social exclusion and malicious gossip.

A

Relational or social agression

104
Q

Physical aggression peaks in early childhood. True/false

A

True (24-42 months)

105
Q

Children in early childhood engage in cooperative play more than toddlers. True/False

A

True

106
Q

Theory of mind begins to develop in infancy and proceeds fluent speech. True/False

A

True

107
Q
A
107
Q

Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.

A

females, males

108
Q

Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.

A

females, males

Developmental Psychology University of South Australia (5 decks)

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