Early Childhood/Preschool Years Flashcards
Boys age?
96cm tall and weight 14.5kg
110cm tall and weight 18.5kg
3 and 5 years old
Girls age?
96cm tall and weight 14kg
108cm tall and weight 18kg
3 and 5
Most boys and girls add more fat or muscle during weight gain during early childhood?
Muscle
In 2020 world wide what percentage of children were stunted?
22%, app 149 million children
Full set of ____ primary teeth by the age of 3.
20
Teeth replacement begins at the age of ____ and teeth are replaced by ____ permanent teeth.
6, 32
Worldwide percentage of children with tooth decay due to diets high in sugar and starches?
70%
Children in developing countries have less tooth decay compared to developed countries. True/False
False (more decay compared to children in developed countries)
Brain size at ages 3 and 5?
70% and 90% of adult weight
The _______ lobes grows faster than the rest of the cerebral cortex during early childhood.
frontal
During early childhood the neurons continue _______?
Decline (due to synaptic pruning)
Brain size increase is due to dendritic connections between neurons and myelination. True/False
True
Four parts of the brain especially notable for myelination during early childhood?
- Corpus callosum (connects right and left hemispheres)
- Cerebellum (balance and movements)
- Hippocampus (transfer of information from short-term to long-term memory)
- Reticular formation (controls attention)
Child’s increased ability to jump, run, climb and throw ball is due to increased myelination in the _________.
cerebellum
Child’s increased attention is due to increased myelination in the _______.
reticular formation
Autobiographical memory (memory for personal events and experiences) is limited prior to the age of 5 due to
undeveloped hippocampus which is involved in the transfer from short-term to long-term memory.
Transfer from short-term to long-term memory is completed by the age of ____’
5
Loss of memory up to the age 4 or 5 is known as _____________.
infantile amnesia.
Trauma in childhood affects autobiographical memory due to reduced level of ________ which is linked to poor connections between brain structures.
cortisol
Autobiographical memory is present earlier in children from the developed countries (6 months earlier) due to greater attention on ____________.
individual experiences
Mineral responsible for the growth of teeth and bones, and important for Vit D apsorbtion, that is most commonly deficient in children?
Calcium
Hidden hunger
Deficiencies in vitamins and nutrients essential for development
Two most common nutritional deficiencies:
protein and iron
Iron deficiency that affects fatigue, irritability, attention, cognitive and social development, is known as
anaemia
Usual causes of death in developing countries:
pneumonia, malaria and measles
During early childhood _______.
a - most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions
b - girls are slightly taller and heavier than boys
c - the amount of tooth decay is similar between developed and developing countries
d - physical development occurs at a more rapid pace than it did in the first 3 years
a - most children become more like adults in terms of their body proportions (due to fat loss)
One of the children is unable to sit still while the other sits through the entire story time at the library. This is due to more fully development of ________.
a - corpus callosum
b - hippocampus
c - cerebellum
d - reticular formation
d - reticular formation
Limited autobiographic memory prior to age 5 is due to incomplete myelination of the _________.
a - hippocampus
b - corpus callosum
c - reticular formation
d - Broca’s area
a - hippocampus
Walter is a 5 yr boy from New Zealand. Based on research, his nutritional problem is most likely to be:
a - calcium deficiency
b - marasmus
c - kwashiorkor
d - protein deficiency
a - calcium deficiency
Accidental injury among young children is higher in developed countries. True/False
True (fairly common in developed countries)
By age 6 children can draw shapes, first letter and words, even own name. True/False
True
A preference for left or right hand use _________.
handedness.
90% of foetuses and children have preference for the ________ thumb/hand preference?
right
One quarter of left-handers process language in _____ hemispheres rather than primarily left hemisphere as right handers.
both
Gender differences in gross motor development appear from the age ______.
3-6
By the age of ___, children usually have developed motor skills enough to draw recognisable objects.
5
Left-handed child is likely to learn to be right-handed in Asian or African cultures than in Australia? True/False
True
Left handed children are likely to be born prematurely. True or False
True
At what age children can hop, jump, climb, throw and run?
3-6
Representational thinking occurs in _______ childhood.
early
According to Piaget, 2-7 is the _______ stage.
preoperational
Principle that the amount of a physical substance remains the same even if its physical appearance changes.
Conservation
Focusing on one noticeable aspect while excluding other important aspects’
Centration
Ability to reverse action mentally (such as see that the amount of water poured between two glasses is the same)
Reversibility
Inability to distinguish between own and another person’s perspective.
Egocentrism (three mountains task)
Tendency to attribute human thoughts and feeling to inanimate objects and forces.
Animism (eg. thunder is angry or moon is following them)
Ability to understand that objects can be simultaneously part of more than one ‘class’ or group
Classification (yellow and blue flowers test)
A young boy doesn’t realise that a group of red blocks can also belong to a larger group of multi-coloured blocks.
Classification
When the sky rains, a young girl assumes it is because the sky is sad.
Animism
A child can only focus on the height of a glass of cordial, rather than realising that the width comes into the amount too.
Centration
A child doesn’t realise that a group of blocks that are spread out are the same amount of blocks if they are close together.
Conservation
Ability to understand thinking processes in one’s self and others and understand different perspectives and beliefs
Theory of mind
5 years old Marco draws a picture of a train with a smiley face and sunglasses. This is an example of________.
a - reversibility
b - animism
c - sensorimotor thought
d - centration
b - animism
Theory of mind is measured by________.
false-belief tasks
Theory of mind begins around age 5. True or False
False ( it can happen earlier)
3 years old vocabulary contains around _______ words.
6 years old vocabulary contains around _______ words.
1.000
2.500
English language fast maps nouns earlier than verbs, while in eastern languages verbs earlier than nouns. True/False
True
90% correct use of gramma is by age ____.
4
Sensitive period for language is in ______.
early childhood
Jean Berco (1958) asked children to respond to series of questions involving ________ words, to which children could still apply gramma.
nonsense
Children who learn English have been shown to fast map ______ first.
a - adjectives
b - nouns
c - verbs
d - possessives
b - nouns
Four year old Nicco uses infant-direct speech when talking to neighbour’s new baby. This demonstrates:
a - fast mapping
b - overregularisation
c - existence of the language acquisition device
d - pragmatics
d - pragmatics (Nicco is adjusting the language according to appropriate social rules)
Grammar develops by hearing and using the language in daily interactions and no special training is required. True or False
True
Pragmatics guide us in knowing what to say and what not to say in a given social situation. By the age of ____ children are able to adjust their speech accordingly.
4
Ability to control own emotions (one of the major developmental tasks of early childhood)
emotional self-regulation
_______ cortex promotes emotional self-regulation
Frontal
Strategies used by children to deal with emotionally challenging situations (e.g. leaving, talking to themselves, directing attention to something else)
effortful control
Process by which children acquire the behaviours and beliefs of the culture they live in
Socialisation
Trait of having inadequate emotional self-regulation that leads to externalising problems (eg aggression, conflict with others)
Undercontrol
Trait of having excessive emotional self-regulation that lead to internalising problems (anxiety, depression)
Overcontrol
Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.
females, males
A child yells and screams when they receive wrong chips flavour.
Undercontrol
A child doesn’t show when they are happy or sad, or shows it to the expectation of those around them.
Overcontrol
Children grasp moral standards, such as right and wrong, around the age of ____.
5
Morality is learnt through custom complexes, religion, older generations and stories. True/False
True
Expressing the same behaviour as observed the behaviour of others.
Modelling
Moral reasoning such as justice and fairness occurs around the age of ___
3-4.
Moral reasoning such as justice and fairness occurs around the age of ___
3-4.
Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.
females, males
Difference between lying and truth, age 4.
Moral judgment based on fear of punishment.
True
Gender identity (male or female) is attained by the age of ____.
2
Understanding that maleness and femaleness are biological and cannot change, attained at age 6-7.
Gender constancy
A child who has not reaches gender constancy may assume that if a boy puts on a dress they become a girl. True/False
True
Fathers promote conformity to gender roles more than mothers. True/False
True
Gender-based cognitive structures for organising and processing information, comprising expectations for males and females appearance and behaviour
Gender schema (eg pink for girls, blue for boys…..)
Process by which people seek to maintain consistency between their gender schemas and their behaviour
Self-socialisation (eg. boys doing boys things, girls doing girls things)
Temper tantrums and crying decrees from age 2-6, due to emotional regulation. True/False
True
The way we organise and process information in terms of gender based categories is
a - gender stereotyping
b - gender schemas
c - self-socialisation
d - gender constancy
b - gender schemas
Chris realised that even though his teacher dressed up like Michal Jackson for Halloween, she is still a female. Chris would be:
a - 7 years old
b - 4 years old
c - has not yet attained gender identity, but knows the gender identity of the teacher
d - uses gender schemas but does not yet understand gender constancy
a - 7 years old
Percentage of children 3-5 enrolled in preschool in developed countries _____ and in Australia______.
87%, 89%
Preschool teaching should be based on:
a - repetition and rote learning to ensure the mastery of core concepts
b - unstructured, hands on experiences
c - whole language learning
d - building skills for science, technology, maths
b - unstructured, hands on experiences
Degree to which parents set down rules and expectations required to comply with ______________, and the degree to which parents respond to child’s needs with love, warmth and concern__________.
demandingness, responsivness
4 parenting styles
- Authoritative - high demandingness and high responsiveness
- Authoritarian - high demandingness and low responsiveness
- Permissive - low demandingness and high responsiveness
- Disengaged - low in both demandingness and responsiveness.
Principle that in relations between two people each of them affects the other
reciprocal or bidirectional effects
In Asian cultures children are expected to respect, obey and revere their parents throughout life
filial piety
Time out has been found to be beneficial for young children. True/False
True
Parenting strategy that uses shame and withdrawal of love, named by American researchers
psychological control
Physical punishment of children
corporal punishment
Child maltreatment includes:
- physical abuse
- emotional abuse
- sexual abuse
- neglect
Mead’s social stages
0-2 Lap child - needs constant care, doted by others
3-4 Knee child - still cared for mainly by mothers, but spends more time with other children too
5-6 Yard child - more time spent with same sex peers, sometimes unsupervised
Use of aggressive behaviour or words to get something
instrumental aggression
Child that exhibit signs of anger and intend to inflict pain or harm on others
Hostile aggression
Damaging another person’s reputation through social exclusion and malicious gossip.
Relational or social agression
Physical aggression peaks in early childhood. True/false
True (24-42 months)
Children in early childhood engage in cooperative play more than toddlers. True/False
True
Theory of mind begins to develop in infancy and proceeds fluent speech. True/False
True
Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.
females, males
Internalising problems are more common in _______, while externalising problems are more common in ______.
females, males
