Middle childhood Flashcards
Middle childhood is characterised by the lowest body mass index (BMI) compared to other life stages. True/False
True
Boys are stronger than girls in middle childhood as they have more muscles. True/False
False, no difference in strength before age 11.
Sight in middle childhood usually gets ______, while hearing gets _______.
worse/better
Hearing improves due to inner ear tube maturing and not as prone to infections. True/False
True
Myopia or near-sighted is the second most common long term condition for young Australians. True/False
True, 1in 4 have myopia
Girls have more muscle than boys during childhood. True/False
False
Children lose all of their primary teeth between 6 and 12 years of age. True/False
True
Sight often changes for the worse in middle childhood, Myopia increases in MC. True/False
True
Reaction time increase for gross and fine motor movement in MD is due to myelination of the _______ ________ connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.
corpus callosum
The percentage of Australian children 5-14 participating in at least one organised sport.
60%
Swimming followed by football/soccer and Australian rules are the most popular sports. True/False
True
Drawing and writing are the areas of the ______ motor development that become more advanced.
fine
Longer and faster running is due to expended _____ capacity.
lung
For 6 year old Emmanuel, which of the following fine motor tasks is developmentally appropriate:
a - writing in cursive
b - writing in complete sentences and spelling multi-syllable words, such as hippopotamus
c - writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name and writing numbers from 1 to 10
d - running a 4 minute mile, jumping over hurdles and dribbling a basketball
c - writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name and writing numbers from 1 to 10
By the time Shawna has reached the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult maturity?
a - eye hand coordination
b - psychomotor skills
c - fine motor abilities
d - gross motor abilities
c - fine motor abilities - get almost to the adulty level
1 in 6 children is considered to be _______ or obese.
overweight
In developing countries, rates of overweight and obesity are increasing? True/False
True, diets are becoming more like those in the developed world.
Overweight BMI in children is exceeding ______, obesity BMI ______.
18, 21
Children who are not vaccinated are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood. True/False
True, immune system gets stronger and bodies more strong and resilient
Rates of asthma are highest in middle childhood and increasing world wide. True/False
True
Asthma is the most common chronic condition affecting ____% of children under 14.
11
_______ and ___ ________ have the greatest percentage of childhood asthma.
Australia, New Zealand
The most common causes of injury in middle childhood are _______, _______ and _______.
car accidents, drowning and burns
What is the current understanding of how genetics influences obesity?
a - obesity is more likely to be caused by genetics than the environment
b - genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, rather it provides only a risk for overweight and obesity
c - genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood, however it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood
d- genetics only explains obesity with regard to females
c - genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood, however it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood
Rates of childhood obesity ______.
a - have stayed relatively stable in the last decade
b - are highest among New Zealand children from economically advantaged backgrounds who have access to more foods
c - vary among ethnic groups in New Zealand
d - are lower in New Zealand compared to Asia
c - vary among ethnic groups in New Zealand
Which of the following is a risk factor for asthma?
a - living in a colder climate
b - being underweight
c - being male
d - having European ancestry
c - being male
According to Piaget, middle childhood age (7-11) is regarded as ________ operations stage.
concrete
During concrete operations stage, children become capable of using _______ operations and organise and manipulate information mentally.
mental
What are the three abilities distinct for this stage?
- conservation
- classification
- seriation
Ability to arrange things in a logical order (e.g. shortest to longest, lightest to darkest).
Seriation - not done in pairs, but multiple object in order from shortest to longest
According to Piaget, children can not be trained to learn the principles of concrete operation before it occurs naturally. True/False
True, Piaget didn’t believe in earlier ability to learn however studies have shown that children can be trained to understand concrete operation principles
During middle childhood, information processing is improved in three key areas:
- attention
- memory
- executive function
Ability to focus attention on relevant information and disregard what is irrelevant ________.
selective attention
Difficulty maintaining attention, problems with hyperactivity and impulsiveness _________.
Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Prevalence of ADHD in Australia is 1 in 20 children, and in New Zealand 3-5% of school children. True/False
True
Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with ADHD. True/False
True
Boys with ADHD are more likely to have conduct problems, while girls may have ________ problems and peer bullying.
emotional
Working memory is increasing in mid childhood and children for the first time use memory strategies such as rehearsal, organisation and elaboration.
Mnemonics
Mnemonic that involves repeating the same information over and over.
Rehearsal
Placing things into meaningful categories.
Organisation
Transforming bits of information in a way that connects them, making them easier to remember.
Elaboration (first letter of each word, eg. YOLO)
Understanding how memory works.
Metamemory
Executive function refers to ________
problem solving.
Person’s capacity to acquire knowledge, reason and solve problems.
Intelligence
The Wechsler scale is the most widely used _______ test.
intelligence
The Wechsler scale consist of 6 _____ and 5_____ subtests that give the intelligence quotient or IQ score.
verbal, performance
Which of the following is not one of the Weschler intelligence tests?
a - WISC
b - WPSSI
c - WAIS
d - WIQ
d - WIQ
WISC stands for_________.
WPSSI stands for _________.
WAIS stands for _________.
- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
- Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale for Intelligence
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Which of the following is a criticism of intelligence tests?
a - IQ tests are accessible by everyone
b - IQ tests are representative of the entire population
c - IQ tests are culturally biased
d - IQ tests measure every aspect of intelligence
c - IQ tests are culturally biased
IQ score for population-based sample usually fall into normal distribution or bell curve in which most people are near the middle. True/False
True
IQ lower than ____ is classified as intellectual disability.
70
IQ above ______ is classified as gifted.
130
Adoption and twin studies are helpful in determining the link genetics and environment play in intelligence. True/False
True
The more two people are alike genetically, the higher the correlation in their IQs. True/False
True
MZ twins have the highest IQ correlations, about 0.85 as they share same genotype. True/False
True
Steep rise in the median IQ score in Western countries during the 20th century is called _______ effect.
Flynn
Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences claim that only _______ and _______ are evaluated by intelligence tests.
linguistic. logical-mathematical
Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence includes_____, _______ and _______ intelligence.
analytical
creative
practical
Acquiring, storing, analysing and retrieving are all examples of ________ intelligence.
analytical
Intelligence that involves the ability to combine information and produce new insights, ideas and problem solving is _______ intelligence.
creative
Intelligence that involves the ability to apply information to daily life challenges including the capacity to evaluate social situation is ________ intelligence.
practical
Sternberg’s and Gardener’s test are widely used in the filed of psychology. True/False
False - too lengthy to administer and score compared to standard IQ
Maurice is 8 years old and is shown two equal size, round balls of clay. When the experimenter rolls the ball into a long sausage shape and asks Maurice which has more clay, he will likely reply:
a - the long one that looks like a sausage
b - I am not sure, I will need to weight them
c - they are both the same
d - the ball
c - they are both the same
Marina is 9 years old and is capable of concrete operational thought. She should______.
a- think in terms of hypotheticals
b - still have great difficulty with seriation tasks such as arranging items from shortest to longest
c - be able to organise and manipulate information mentally
d - fail the three mountain task, but pass the abstract thinking task
c - be able to organise and manipulate information mentally
Research on ADHD has found that ____.
a - rates among boys are higher than among girls
b - similar treatments are utilised across the various countries that have been studied
c - less than half of children diagnosed in US receive medication
d - two of the most common side effects of medication are weight gain and stuttering
a - rates among boys are higher than among girls
Both Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories of intelligence propose ________.
a - that there are multiple components of intelligence
b - an IQ score that allows comparisons among individuals
c- that there are three different types of intelligence
d - that creativity is genetically determined
a - that there are multiple components of intelligence
Vocabulary expands rapidly and by the age of 6 an average child knows about _______ words, and by age 10 or 11, ________ words.
10,000
40,000
Pragmatics is culturally grounded. True/False
True
It takes longer to master second language after becoming fluent in a first language. True/False
True, by 3-5 years
Multilingual children have better awareness of the underlaying structure of language known as
metalinguistic skills.
Multilingual children have dense brain tissue in areas related to language, attention and memory especially in case of children before the age of ______.
five
Year 4, 9 years old Fari, compared to her brother in year 1 will be more likely to _____.
a - use fewer conditional sentences because 9 years old are aware that others may misinterpret them
b - realise that what people say is not always what they mean
c - have trouble understanding jokes because chidden take everything literally at this age
d - use longer sentences, but with less complex grammar
b - realise that what people say is not always what they mean - due to better understanding of pragmatics
After his brother accidentally put the cereal in the fridge, Carl heard his father say: Well that was smart! Carl understood that his father was not giving his brother a compliment. This is an example of increased understanding of _______.
a - the past imperfect tense
b - decentring
c - conditional sentences
d - pragmatics
d - pragmatics - sarcasm in this case
Jun grew up in Shanghai, China, one cousin grew up in Japan, and another grew up in Italy. It is most likely that all three learned ______ as their second language.
a - German
b - Spanish
c - English
d - French
c - English
Which of the following is an accurate representation on how children’s vocabulary changes over time? The biggest increase in vocabulary occurs:
a - once children enter school through around age 11
b - in the first 2 years of primary school
c - in the first 2 years of life
d - in preschool
a - once children enter school through around age 11
School attendance decreased in developing countries. True/False
False
Two best ways to teach children to read:
- phonics approach
- whole language approach
Phonics approach involves: breaking down words into _______ (phonics) then putting them together in a sentence.
sounds
Whole language approach puts emphasis on the __________ of written language in whole passages.
meaning
Whole language approach is more effective than phonics approach. True/False
False
Research on reading and maths skills has shown that:
a - children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early maths skills
b - only humans have any awareness of numeracy
c - all approaches to reading are eqaually effective
d - girls are more likely to be diagnosed with dyslexia than boys
a - children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early maths skills
Kara was taught to read using the phonics approach while Yolanda was taught with the whole-language approach. Which is the most likely outcome:
a - both of them will learn to ready equally well
b - Kara is more at risk developing dyslexia due to confusion between sounds and appearance of letter in phonics approach
c - Yolanda will learn to read faster
d - Kara will learn to read faster
d - Kara will learn to read faster
Experience Sampling Method (ESM) involves people wearing ______or have access to mobile device, which they wear for ____ week, and record their experience at the moment they are alerted to do so.
beeper, one
According to ESM, middle childhood is a time of contentment and emotional stability, more than in adolescence or adulthood. True/False
True
Self-regulation is improved by going to school, sport teams or music groups. True/False
True
Emotional state of experiencing two contradictory emotions.
Ambivalence (e.g. happy for winning the game, sad for friend who was on the losing team)
Two selves as identified by George Herbert Mead:
- I - self (how we believe others view us)
- me-self (how we view ourselves)
Person’s evaluation and perception of self:
self-concept
More internal, psychological, personality-traits are added in middle childhood to describe self. True/False
True
Another change in self-concept, comparing self to others is called __________.
social comparison
Social comparison is closely linked with advances in the cognitive ability of seriation. True/False
True
Person’s overall sense of worth and wellbeing.
Self-esteem
When asked to describe herself, Grace says: I am Grace, I have two brothers, I have brown hair. How old is Grace likely to be:
a - 7
b - 9
c - 11
d - 13
a - 7
‘I am better in maths than most kids in my class’ is likely to come from a child 9 years old who is displaying _________ comparison.
social
Self concept is influenced by age and social influence. True/False
True (white and black doll experiment)
In Western countries, low self esteem middle childhood is related to ___________.
anxiety, depression and antisocial behaviour
Strongest contributor to self- esteem for most children and adolescents is _________’
physical appearance
Individualist cultures promote ________ self, while collectivistic cultures promote ________ interdependent self.
independent, interdependent
Lower self-esteem is associated with ________ parenting style.
autoritharian
Gender roles become less important in middle childhood. True/False
False - there is a sharp divide between boys and girls things
Gender attitudes and behaviours are more stereotyped and even more segregated in middle childhood True/False
True
During middle childhood, girls much like boys, add ‘masculinity’ to their gender self-perception. True/False
True
During middle childhood, girls view themselves less feminine, warm or compassionate. True/False
False - they add masculinity to these traits
Term used to describe people who do not retain the gender identity they were assigned at birth.
Transgender
Term used to describe people who biologically are not unambiguously male or female exclusively.
Intersex
Term used to describe people who retain the gender identity they were given at birth.
Cisgender
Dr Marinello is using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) for her research. She is mostly likely measuring:
a - self-concept
b - metacognitive awareness
c - emotions
d - self-esteem
c - emotions
9 year old Xinyin is a boy from a rural village in China, a collectivistic culture. Compared to Australian child, he would answer question as following: I am ______.
a - a boy with brown hair
b - good at soccer and tennis
c - a son
d - one of the smartest kids in my class
c - a son - as a male from collectivistic culture he is the most likely to define himself in terms of family relation.
When compared to her 6 years old sister, Isabelle who is in Year 8, is more likely to describe herself in terms of _______ characteristics.
a - psychological
b- physical
c - concrete
d - external
a - psychological - 10 years old have more sophisticated self-concept
Parent-children relationship in which parent provide broad guidelines for behaviour but children are capable of substantial amount of independence, self directed behaviour.
Co-regulation
Co-regulation is common in both western and traditional cultures. True/False
True
In middle childhood, sibling rivalry gets better. True/False
False - it peaks
Single-parenting is associated with poverty and higher risk of behavioural/emotional problems and low school achievement. True/False
True
Divorce rates are higher now than 50 years ago but fairly stable since 1980’s. True/False
True
Divorce is associated with conduct behaviour especially in boys in the first two years after divorce. True/False
True
Parent-children pattern in which disobedient behaviour evokes harsh response from parent, making children even more parent resistant.
Coercive cycle
A social relations principle that people tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves.
Selective association
Important criteria for selective association are sociability, aggression and ________ orientation.
academic
_____ becomes an important part of friendships.
Trust
_____ is a key determinator of social status as older children tend to have more authority that younger children.
Age
When about the same age, social ratings is described in four categories:
- popular children
- rejected children
- neglected children
- controversial children
-Popular children - most often rated liked and rarely rated ________.
‘disliked’
Rejected children - most often disliked and rarely _____. Often aggressive , _______ more than girls likely to be rejected
‘liked’, boys
_____________ neither liked or disliked - easily ignored - girls more likely than boys to be __________.
Neglected children, neglected
_________ liked by some, disliked by other, aggressive at time, friendly at other times.
Controversial children
The strongest influence on popularity is _______ such as being friendly helpful, cooperative and considerate.
social skills
Athletic ability is an important influence on popularity for _____,
boys
Nerds or geeks are popular in middle childhood. True/False
True
Rejected children usually interpret their peers as hostile even when they are not and tend to blame others when there is conflict. It is said they fail in their _________ (SIP) or evaluation of others.
social information processing
Neglectful children usually have good social skills. True/False
True
Pattern of maltreatment of peers, including aggression, repetition and power imbalance.
Bullying
Bullying rises in middle childhood and peaks in __________ and declines by __________.
early adolescence, late adolescence
Around ____ percent of children are bullied at some point in middle childhood.
20
Two general types of bullies are ________ and ________ children.
rejected, controversial
Victims of bullying are most often _______-withdrawn children, low in self-esteem, lonely and regarded as weak.
rejected
According to Erikson, middle childhood is ________ stage.
industry vs inferiority
Which of the following best illustrates co-regulation?
a - a child speaks for her younger non verbal sibling
b - a child makes her bed without being asked
c - siblings both run to their mother to tell her what the other did
d - a parent telling child how disappointed she is in her behaviour
b - a child makes her bed without being asked
Which of the following statements are true?
a - most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual
b - compared to other countries, rates of single motherhood are lowest in Northern Europe
c - in an effort to escape poverty, children of single parent families have higher achievement at school than those from two-parent families
d - less then half of New Zealand children live with two parents
a - most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual
In middle childhood, _______ becomes the main reason for children ending friendships.
a - violating trust
b - having less leisure time
c - increased competitiveness
d - having different religious backgrounds
a - violating trust
Around the world, child labour ________.
a - is most likely to involve working in service industries such as cleaning
b - has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation
c - is highest in Germany and Spain
d - is no longer a problem as a result of an increase in the number of years children are required to go to school
b - has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation
Boys who watch high amount of violent TV at age 8 are more likely to be aggressive in adulthood than those who do not consume violent media. True/ False
True
Which of the following best describes sensory changes during middle childhood:
a - hearing problems increase due to higher rates of ear infections
b - rates of farsightedness increase, while myopia decreases
c - vision and hearing both improve dramatically
d - the incidence of myopia increases
d - the incidence of myopia increases
Rates of overweight and obesity _________.
a - are lowest among Pacific Islanders compared to all other ethnic groups in New Zealand
b - are lowest in the most affluent regions of the world, such as North America and Europe
c - are rising worldwide
d - vary little between ethnic groups in the same country
c - are rising worldwide
In middle childhood, ____________.
a - children are less coordinated than in early childhood
b- girls are more likely than boys to be on a sport team
c - children are more likely to be involved in organised sport than when they were younger
d - children have a slower reaction time than in early childhood
c - children are more likely to be involved in organised sport than when they were younger
In Australia, about _____ of children 4-10 are diagnosed with ADHD.
a - 15%
b - 1%
c - 7%
d - 4%
d - 4%
Research on reading and maths skills has ____________.
a - shown that the whole-language approach is more effective than phonics approach when learning to read
b - only been conducted in the US and Canada
c - shown that girls are more likely than boys to be diagnosed with dyslexia
d - found that even some non-human animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy
d - found that even some non-human animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy
Compared to single-language children, those who are bilingual _________.
a - have better metalinguistic skills
b - are worse at detecting mistakes in grammar
c - are behind in metalinguistic skills
d - score lower on general measure of cognitive ability
a - have better metalinguistic skills
During middle childhood, __________.
a - emotions become more intense so children are not yet able to conceal their true feelings
b - children tend to be less happy than in early childhood because they engage in social comparison
c - children experience less emotional stability because they are changing social context more often
d - children learn how to conceal their emotions and show socially acceptable emotions.
d - children learn how to conceal their emotions and show socially acceptable emotions.
In terms of gender development, during middle childhood _________.
a - gender roles become less rigid than earlier in life
b - children increasingly view personality trait as associated with one gender of the other
c - play groups become less gender-segregated
d - play groups become less gender-segregated in developed countries only
b - children increasingly view personality trait as associated with one gender of the other
Watching violent TV in middle childhood has been ______________.
a - studied only with male participants
b - liked with aggression only in US
c - found to be less harmful than for adolescents
d - associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development
d - associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development
_______ percent of obese children will continue to be obese or overweight in adulthood.
80
