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Developmental Psychology University of South Australia > Middle childhood > Flashcards

Middle childhood Flashcards

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1
Q

Middle childhood is characterised by the lowest body mass index (BMI) compared to other life stages. True/False

A

True

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2
Q

Boys are stronger than girls in middle childhood as they have more muscles. True/False

A

False, no difference in strength before age 11.

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3
Q

Sight in middle childhood usually gets ______, while hearing gets _______.

A

worse/better

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4
Q

Hearing improves due to inner ear tube maturing and not as prone to infections. True/False

A

True

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5
Q

Myopia or near-sighted is the second most common long term condition for young Australians. True/False

A

True, 1in 4 have myopia

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6
Q

Girls have more muscle than boys during childhood. True/False

A

False

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7
Q

Children lose all of their primary teeth between 6 and 12 years of age. True/False

A

True

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8
Q

Sight often changes for the worse in middle childhood, Myopia increases in MC. True/False

A

True

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9
Q

Reaction time increase for gross and fine motor movement in MD is due to myelination of the _______ ________ connecting the two hemispheres of the brain.

A

corpus callosum

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10
Q

The percentage of Australian children 5-14 participating in at least one organised sport.

A

60%

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11
Q

Swimming followed by football/soccer and Australian rules are the most popular sports. True/False

A

True

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12
Q

Drawing and writing are the areas of the ______ motor development that become more advanced.

A

fine

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13
Q

Longer and faster running is due to expended _____ capacity.

A

lung

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14
Q

For 6 year old Emmanuel, which of the following fine motor tasks is developmentally appropriate:
a - writing in cursive
b - writing in complete sentences and spelling multi-syllable words, such as hippopotamus
c - writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name and writing numbers from 1 to 10
d - running a 4 minute mile, jumping over hurdles and dribbling a basketball

A

c - writing the letters of the alphabet, writing his name and writing numbers from 1 to 10

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15
Q

By the time Shawna has reached the end of middle childhood, what abilities are close to adult maturity?
a - eye hand coordination
b - psychomotor skills
c - fine motor abilities
d - gross motor abilities

A

c - fine motor abilities - get almost to the adulty level

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16
Q

1 in 6 children is considered to be _______ or obese.

A

overweight

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17
Q

In developing countries, rates of overweight and obesity are increasing? True/False

A

True, diets are becoming more like those in the developed world.

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18
Q

Overweight BMI in children is exceeding ______, obesity BMI ______.

A

18, 21

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19
Q

Children who are not vaccinated are less susceptible to fatal diseases in middle childhood. True/False

A

True, immune system gets stronger and bodies more strong and resilient

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20
Q

Rates of asthma are highest in middle childhood and increasing world wide. True/False

A

True

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21
Q

Asthma is the most common chronic condition affecting ____% of children under 14.

A

11

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22
Q

_______ and ___ ________ have the greatest percentage of childhood asthma.

A

Australia, New Zealand

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23
Q

The most common causes of injury in middle childhood are _______, _______ and _______.

A

car accidents, drowning and burns

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24
Q

What is the current understanding of how genetics influences obesity?
a - obesity is more likely to be caused by genetics than the environment
b - genetics cannot explain recent rises in obesity rates, rather it provides only a risk for overweight and obesity
c - genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood, however it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood
d- genetics only explains obesity with regard to females

A

c - genetics is a good explanation for recent rises in obesity rates during childhood, however it does little to explain the rates of obesity for adulthood

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25
Q

Rates of childhood obesity ______.
a - have stayed relatively stable in the last decade
b - are highest among New Zealand children from economically advantaged backgrounds who have access to more foods
c - vary among ethnic groups in New Zealand
d - are lower in New Zealand compared to Asia

A

c - vary among ethnic groups in New Zealand

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26
Q

Which of the following is a risk factor for asthma?
a - living in a colder climate
b - being underweight
c - being male
d - having European ancestry

A

c - being male

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27
Q

According to Piaget, middle childhood age (7-11) is regarded as ________ operations stage.

A

concrete

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28
Q

During concrete operations stage, children become capable of using _______ operations and organise and manipulate information mentally.

A

mental

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29
Q

What are the three abilities distinct for this stage?

A
  • conservation
  • classification
  • seriation
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30
Q

Ability to arrange things in a logical order (e.g. shortest to longest, lightest to darkest).

A

Seriation - not done in pairs, but multiple object in order from shortest to longest

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31
Q

According to Piaget, children can not be trained to learn the principles of concrete operation before it occurs naturally. True/False

A

True, Piaget didn’t believe in earlier ability to learn however studies have shown that children can be trained to understand concrete operation principles

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32
Q

During middle childhood, information processing is improved in three key areas:

A
  • attention
  • memory
  • executive function
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33
Q

Ability to focus attention on relevant information and disregard what is irrelevant ________.

A

selective attention

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34
Q

Difficulty maintaining attention, problems with hyperactivity and impulsiveness _________.

A

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

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35
Q

Prevalence of ADHD in Australia is 1 in 20 children, and in New Zealand 3-5% of school children. True/False

A

True

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36
Q

Boys are more likely than girls to be diagnosed with ADHD. True/False

A

True

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37
Q

Boys with ADHD are more likely to have conduct problems, while girls may have ________ problems and peer bullying.

A

emotional

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38
Q

Working memory is increasing in mid childhood and children for the first time use memory strategies such as rehearsal, organisation and elaboration.

A

Mnemonics

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39
Q

Mnemonic that involves repeating the same information over and over.

A

Rehearsal

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40
Q

Placing things into meaningful categories.

A

Organisation

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41
Q

Transforming bits of information in a way that connects them, making them easier to remember.

A

Elaboration (first letter of each word, eg. YOLO)

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42
Q

Understanding how memory works.

A

Metamemory

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43
Q

Executive function refers to ________

A

problem solving.

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44
Q

Person’s capacity to acquire knowledge, reason and solve problems.

A

Intelligence

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45
Q

The Wechsler scale is the most widely used _______ test.

A

intelligence

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46
Q

The Wechsler scale consist of 6 _____ and 5_____ subtests that give the intelligence quotient or IQ score.

A

verbal, performance

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47
Q

Which of the following is not one of the Weschler intelligence tests?
a - WISC
b - WPSSI
c - WAIS
d - WIQ

A

d - WIQ

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48
Q

WISC stands for_________.
WPSSI stands for _________.
WAIS stands for _________.

A
  • Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children
  • Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale for Intelligence
  • Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
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49
Q

Which of the following is a criticism of intelligence tests?
a - IQ tests are accessible by everyone
b - IQ tests are representative of the entire population
c - IQ tests are culturally biased
d - IQ tests measure every aspect of intelligence

A

c - IQ tests are culturally biased

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50
Q

IQ score for population-based sample usually fall into normal distribution or bell curve in which most people are near the middle. True/False

A

True

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51
Q

IQ lower than ____ is classified as intellectual disability.

A

70

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52
Q

IQ above ______ is classified as gifted.

A

130

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53
Q

Adoption and twin studies are helpful in determining the link genetics and environment play in intelligence. True/False

A

True

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54
Q

The more two people are alike genetically, the higher the correlation in their IQs. True/False

A

True

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55
Q

MZ twins have the highest IQ correlations, about 0.85 as they share same genotype. True/False

A

True

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56
Q

Steep rise in the median IQ score in Western countries during the 20th century is called _______ effect.

A

Flynn

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57
Q

Gardner’s theory of multiple intelligences claim that only _______ and _______ are evaluated by intelligence tests.

A

linguistic. logical-mathematical

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58
Q

Sternberg’s triarchic theory of intelligence includes_____, _______ and _______ intelligence.

A

analytical
creative
practical

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59
Q

Acquiring, storing, analysing and retrieving are all examples of ________ intelligence.

A

analytical

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60
Q

Intelligence that involves the ability to combine information and produce new insights, ideas and problem solving is _______ intelligence.

A

creative

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61
Q

Intelligence that involves the ability to apply information to daily life challenges including the capacity to evaluate social situation is ________ intelligence.

A

practical

62
Q

Sternberg’s and Gardener’s test are widely used in the filed of psychology. True/False

A

False - too lengthy to administer and score compared to standard IQ

63
Q

Maurice is 8 years old and is shown two equal size, round balls of clay. When the experimenter rolls the ball into a long sausage shape and asks Maurice which has more clay, he will likely reply:
a - the long one that looks like a sausage
b - I am not sure, I will need to weight them
c - they are both the same
d - the ball

A

c - they are both the same

64
Q

Marina is 9 years old and is capable of concrete operational thought. She should______.
a- think in terms of hypotheticals
b - still have great difficulty with seriation tasks such as arranging items from shortest to longest
c - be able to organise and manipulate information mentally
d - fail the three mountain task, but pass the abstract thinking task

A

c - be able to organise and manipulate information mentally

65
Q

Research on ADHD has found that ____.
a - rates among boys are higher than among girls
b - similar treatments are utilised across the various countries that have been studied
c - less than half of children diagnosed in US receive medication
d - two of the most common side effects of medication are weight gain and stuttering

A

a - rates among boys are higher than among girls

66
Q

Both Gardner’s and Sternberg’s theories of intelligence propose ________.
a - that there are multiple components of intelligence
b - an IQ score that allows comparisons among individuals
c- that there are three different types of intelligence
d - that creativity is genetically determined

A

a - that there are multiple components of intelligence

67
Q

Vocabulary expands rapidly and by the age of 6 an average child knows about _______ words, and by age 10 or 11, ________ words.

A

10,000
40,000

68
Q

Pragmatics is culturally grounded. True/False

A

True

69
Q

It takes longer to master second language after becoming fluent in a first language. True/False

A

True, by 3-5 years

70
Q

Multilingual children have better awareness of the underlaying structure of language known as

A

metalinguistic skills.

71
Q

Multilingual children have dense brain tissue in areas related to language, attention and memory especially in case of children before the age of ______.

A

five

72
Q

Year 4, 9 years old Fari, compared to her brother in year 1 will be more likely to _____.
a - use fewer conditional sentences because 9 years old are aware that others may misinterpret them
b - realise that what people say is not always what they mean
c - have trouble understanding jokes because chidden take everything literally at this age
d - use longer sentences, but with less complex grammar

A

b - realise that what people say is not always what they mean - due to better understanding of pragmatics

73
Q

After his brother accidentally put the cereal in the fridge, Carl heard his father say: Well that was smart! Carl understood that his father was not giving his brother a compliment. This is an example of increased understanding of _______.
a - the past imperfect tense
b - decentring
c - conditional sentences
d - pragmatics

A

d - pragmatics - sarcasm in this case

74
Q

Jun grew up in Shanghai, China, one cousin grew up in Japan, and another grew up in Italy. It is most likely that all three learned ______ as their second language.
a - German
b - Spanish
c - English
d - French

A

c - English

75
Q

Which of the following is an accurate representation on how children’s vocabulary changes over time? The biggest increase in vocabulary occurs:
a - once children enter school through around age 11
b - in the first 2 years of primary school
c - in the first 2 years of life
d - in preschool

A

a - once children enter school through around age 11

76
Q

School attendance decreased in developing countries. True/False

A

False

77
Q

Two best ways to teach children to read:

A
  • phonics approach
  • whole language approach
78
Q

Phonics approach involves: breaking down words into _______ (phonics) then putting them together in a sentence.

A

sounds

79
Q

Whole language approach puts emphasis on the __________ of written language in whole passages.

A

meaning

80
Q

Whole language approach is more effective than phonics approach. True/False

A

False

81
Q

Research on reading and maths skills has shown that:
a - children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early maths skills
b - only humans have any awareness of numeracy
c - all approaches to reading are eqaually effective
d - girls are more likely to be diagnosed with dyslexia than boys

A

a - children who have trouble learning to read often have trouble mastering early maths skills

82
Q

Kara was taught to read using the phonics approach while Yolanda was taught with the whole-language approach. Which is the most likely outcome:
a - both of them will learn to ready equally well
b - Kara is more at risk developing dyslexia due to confusion between sounds and appearance of letter in phonics approach
c - Yolanda will learn to read faster
d - Kara will learn to read faster

A

d - Kara will learn to read faster

83
Q

Experience Sampling Method (ESM) involves people wearing ______or have access to mobile device, which they wear for ____ week, and record their experience at the moment they are alerted to do so.

A

beeper, one

84
Q

According to ESM, middle childhood is a time of contentment and emotional stability, more than in adolescence or adulthood. True/False

A

True

85
Q

Self-regulation is improved by going to school, sport teams or music groups. True/False

A

True

86
Q

Emotional state of experiencing two contradictory emotions.

A

Ambivalence (e.g. happy for winning the game, sad for friend who was on the losing team)

87
Q

Two selves as identified by George Herbert Mead:

A
  • I - self (how we believe others view us)
  • me-self (how we view ourselves)
88
Q

Person’s evaluation and perception of self:

A

self-concept

89
Q

More internal, psychological, personality-traits are added in middle childhood to describe self. True/False

A

True

90
Q

Another change in self-concept, comparing self to others is called __________.

A

social comparison

91
Q

Social comparison is closely linked with advances in the cognitive ability of seriation. True/False

A

True

92
Q

Person’s overall sense of worth and wellbeing.

A

Self-esteem

93
Q

When asked to describe herself, Grace says: I am Grace, I have two brothers, I have brown hair. How old is Grace likely to be:
a - 7
b - 9
c - 11
d - 13

A

a - 7

94
Q

‘I am better in maths than most kids in my class’ is likely to come from a child 9 years old who is displaying _________ comparison.

A

social

95
Q

Self concept is influenced by age and social influence. True/False

A

True (white and black doll experiment)

96
Q

In Western countries, low self esteem middle childhood is related to ___________.

A

anxiety, depression and antisocial behaviour

97
Q

Strongest contributor to self- esteem for most children and adolescents is _________’

A

physical appearance

98
Q

Individualist cultures promote ________ self, while collectivistic cultures promote ________ interdependent self.

A

independent, interdependent

99
Q

Lower self-esteem is associated with ________ parenting style.

A

autoritharian

100
Q

Gender roles become less important in middle childhood. True/False

A

False - there is a sharp divide between boys and girls things

101
Q

Gender attitudes and behaviours are more stereotyped and even more segregated in middle childhood True/False

A

True

102
Q

During middle childhood, girls much like boys, add ‘masculinity’ to their gender self-perception. True/False

A

True

103
Q

During middle childhood, girls view themselves less feminine, warm or compassionate. True/False

A

False - they add masculinity to these traits

104
Q

Term used to describe people who do not retain the gender identity they were assigned at birth.

A

Transgender

105
Q

Term used to describe people who biologically are not unambiguously male or female exclusively.

A

Intersex

106
Q

Term used to describe people who retain the gender identity they were given at birth.

A

Cisgender

107
Q

Dr Marinello is using the Experience Sampling Method (ESM) for her research. She is mostly likely measuring:
a - self-concept
b - metacognitive awareness
c - emotions
d - self-esteem

A

c - emotions

108
Q

9 year old Xinyin is a boy from a rural village in China, a collectivistic culture. Compared to Australian child, he would answer question as following: I am ______.
a - a boy with brown hair
b - good at soccer and tennis
c - a son
d - one of the smartest kids in my class

A

c - a son - as a male from collectivistic culture he is the most likely to define himself in terms of family relation.

109
Q

When compared to her 6 years old sister, Isabelle who is in Year 8, is more likely to describe herself in terms of _______ characteristics.
a - psychological
b- physical
c - concrete
d - external

A

a - psychological - 10 years old have more sophisticated self-concept

110
Q

Parent-children relationship in which parent provide broad guidelines for behaviour but children are capable of substantial amount of independence, self directed behaviour.

A

Co-regulation

111
Q

Co-regulation is common in both western and traditional cultures. True/False

A

True

112
Q

In middle childhood, sibling rivalry gets better. True/False

A

False - it peaks

113
Q

Single-parenting is associated with poverty and higher risk of behavioural/emotional problems and low school achievement. True/False

A

True

114
Q

Divorce rates are higher now than 50 years ago but fairly stable since 1980’s. True/False

A

True

115
Q

Divorce is associated with conduct behaviour especially in boys in the first two years after divorce. True/False

A

True

116
Q

Parent-children pattern in which disobedient behaviour evokes harsh response from parent, making children even more parent resistant.

A

Coercive cycle

117
Q

A social relations principle that people tend to prefer being around others who are like themselves.

A

Selective association

118
Q

Important criteria for selective association are sociability, aggression and ________ orientation.

A

academic

119
Q

_____ becomes an important part of friendships.

A

Trust

120
Q

_____ is a key determinator of social status as older children tend to have more authority that younger children.

A

Age

121
Q

When about the same age, social ratings is described in four categories:

A
  • popular children
  • rejected children
  • neglected children
  • controversial children
122
Q

-Popular children - most often rated liked and rarely rated ________.

A

‘disliked’

123
Q

Rejected children - most often disliked and rarely _____. Often aggressive , _______ more than girls likely to be rejected

A

‘liked’, boys

124
Q

_____________ neither liked or disliked - easily ignored - girls more likely than boys to be __________.

A

Neglected children, neglected

125
Q

_________ liked by some, disliked by other, aggressive at time, friendly at other times.

A

Controversial children

126
Q

The strongest influence on popularity is _______ such as being friendly helpful, cooperative and considerate.

A

social skills

127
Q

Athletic ability is an important influence on popularity for _____,

A

boys

128
Q

Nerds or geeks are popular in middle childhood. True/False

A

True

129
Q

Rejected children usually interpret their peers as hostile even when they are not and tend to blame others when there is conflict. It is said they fail in their _________ (SIP) or evaluation of others.

A

social information processing

130
Q

Neglectful children usually have good social skills. True/False

A

True

131
Q

Pattern of maltreatment of peers, including aggression, repetition and power imbalance.

A

Bullying

132
Q

Bullying rises in middle childhood and peaks in __________ and declines by __________.

A

early adolescence, late adolescence

133
Q

Around ____ percent of children are bullied at some point in middle childhood.

A

20

134
Q

Two general types of bullies are ________ and ________ children.

A

rejected, controversial

135
Q

Victims of bullying are most often _______-withdrawn children, low in self-esteem, lonely and regarded as weak.

A

rejected

136
Q

According to Erikson, middle childhood is ________ stage.

A

industry vs inferiority

137
Q

Which of the following best illustrates co-regulation?
a - a child speaks for her younger non verbal sibling
b - a child makes her bed without being asked
c - siblings both run to their mother to tell her what the other did
d - a parent telling child how disappointed she is in her behaviour

A

b - a child makes her bed without being asked

138
Q

Which of the following statements are true?
a - most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual
b - compared to other countries, rates of single motherhood are lowest in Northern Europe
c - in an effort to escape poverty, children of single parent families have higher achievement at school than those from two-parent families
d - less then half of New Zealand children live with two parents

A

a - most children of gay and lesbian couples are heterosexual

139
Q

In middle childhood, _______ becomes the main reason for children ending friendships.
a - violating trust
b - having less leisure time
c - increased competitiveness
d - having different religious backgrounds

A

a - violating trust

140
Q

Around the world, child labour ________.
a - is most likely to involve working in service industries such as cleaning
b - has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation
c - is highest in Germany and Spain
d - is no longer a problem as a result of an increase in the number of years children are required to go to school

A

b - has been declining as a result of greater attention to the problem of exploitation

141
Q

Boys who watch high amount of violent TV at age 8 are more likely to be aggressive in adulthood than those who do not consume violent media. True/ False

A

True

142
Q

Which of the following best describes sensory changes during middle childhood:
a - hearing problems increase due to higher rates of ear infections
b - rates of farsightedness increase, while myopia decreases
c - vision and hearing both improve dramatically
d - the incidence of myopia increases

A

d - the incidence of myopia increases

143
Q

Rates of overweight and obesity _________.
a - are lowest among Pacific Islanders compared to all other ethnic groups in New Zealand
b - are lowest in the most affluent regions of the world, such as North America and Europe
c - are rising worldwide
d - vary little between ethnic groups in the same country

A

c - are rising worldwide

144
Q

In middle childhood, ____________.
a - children are less coordinated than in early childhood
b- girls are more likely than boys to be on a sport team
c - children are more likely to be involved in organised sport than when they were younger
d - children have a slower reaction time than in early childhood

A

c - children are more likely to be involved in organised sport than when they were younger

145
Q

In Australia, about _____ of children 4-10 are diagnosed with ADHD.
a - 15%
b - 1%
c - 7%
d - 4%

A

d - 4%

146
Q

Research on reading and maths skills has ____________.
a - shown that the whole-language approach is more effective than phonics approach when learning to read
b - only been conducted in the US and Canada
c - shown that girls are more likely than boys to be diagnosed with dyslexia
d - found that even some non-human animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy

A

d - found that even some non-human animals have a primitive awareness of numeracy

147
Q

Compared to single-language children, those who are bilingual _________.
a - have better metalinguistic skills
b - are worse at detecting mistakes in grammar
c - are behind in metalinguistic skills
d - score lower on general measure of cognitive ability

A

a - have better metalinguistic skills

148
Q

During middle childhood, __________.
a - emotions become more intense so children are not yet able to conceal their true feelings
b - children tend to be less happy than in early childhood because they engage in social comparison
c - children experience less emotional stability because they are changing social context more often
d - children learn how to conceal their emotions and show socially acceptable emotions.

A

d - children learn how to conceal their emotions and show socially acceptable emotions.

149
Q

In terms of gender development, during middle childhood _________.
a - gender roles become less rigid than earlier in life
b - children increasingly view personality trait as associated with one gender of the other
c - play groups become less gender-segregated
d - play groups become less gender-segregated in developed countries only

A

b - children increasingly view personality trait as associated with one gender of the other

150
Q

Watching violent TV in middle childhood has been ______________.
a - studied only with male participants
b - liked with aggression only in US
c - found to be less harmful than for adolescents
d - associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development

A

d - associated with a number of negative outcomes later in development

151
Q

_______ percent of obese children will continue to be obese or overweight in adulthood.

A

80

Developmental Psychology University of South Australia (5 decks)

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