Infancy/Theories of Human Development Flashcards
Population began to increase when and why?
around 10,000 years ago due to agriculture and domestication of animals
What is hominin line?
The evolutionary line that eventually led to humans.
What is natural selection?
Evolutionary process in which only the offspring adapted to the environment will survive to produce offspring.
Early Hominin species that evolved 200.000 years ago into human species?
Homo sapiens
Characteristics that separate humans from early hominins?
- large brain (twice larger)
- wider pelvis in females
- longer dependency (immature babies that require longer parenting)
- control of fire
- development of tools
Hunter-gatherer settlements formed due to
mothers staying with babies and not being able to join in hunt
What was one of the ways that Erikson’s theory differed from Freud’s theory? Erikson believed that
a- sexuality was more important than Freud did
b - personality was set at birth, while Freud thought it was completed by age 6
c - development continued throughout the lifespan, and Freud believed that only the early years were important
d - biological factors were more important in terms of development, and Freud believed that culture was more important
c.
development continued throughout the lifespan, and Freud believed that only the early years were important
What is Bronfenbrenner’s term for the immediate environment, the settings where people experience their daily lives?
Select one:
a) Microsystem
b) Mesosystem
c) Exosystem
d) Macrosystem
a.
Microsystem
Susan is talking to her friend, who is at the end of her second trimester. Lucila wants to be reassured that she is not crazy, but thinks her baby actually kicks, turns and hiccups. Lucila even thinks that the baby becomes more active if she talks to it. If you were Susan, how would you respond to Lucila’s observations?
Select one:
a) Lucila, those activities are normal for the end of the second trimester, and foetuses can hear even in the womb.’
b) Lucila, I think you are going crazy. A foetus really doesn’t kick that early in the pregnancy and it’s crazy to think it can hear.’
c) Lucila, all those things do happen, but not really until the end of the third trimester.’
d) Lucila, I think you need to go see your doctor because something is absolutely wrong.’
a.
‘Lucila, those activities are normal for the end of the second trimester, and foetuses can hear even in the womb.’
What happens after infants have been babbling for a few months?
a) They begin making holophrases.
b) They cease to babble in sounds they have not heard used by the people around them.
c) They begin gesturing along with babbling.
d) They begin to make sounds to which they are not exposed.
b.
They cease to babble in sounds they have not heard used by the people around them.
What percent of the current world’s population lives in the most affluent countries?
Select one:
a)18%
b) 34%
c) 51%
d) 68%
a.
18%
An individual with Down syndrome has how many chromosomes?
a) 45
b) 46
c) 47
d) 48
c.
47
It is estimated that half of all conceptions have too many or too few chromosomes. According to the text, what happens to most of the zygotes that are formed in these situations?
Select one:
a) they are spontaneously aborted
b) they result in neonates with birth defects
c) they result in twins
d) they have no problems
a.
they are spontaneously aborted
What type of correlation occurs when both variables increase in the same direction together?
a) Positive correlation
b) Negative correlation
c) Inverse correlation
d) Multiple correlation
a) Positive correlation
The totality of an individual’s genes is referred to as his or her ______
Select one:
a) phenotype
b) genotype
c) x-linked inheritance
d) reaction range
b) genotype
Who are generally carriers of X-linked disorders?
a) Females
b) Males
c) Individuals who have been exposed to teratogens
d) Individuals with a trisomy
a) Females
Down syndrome is also known as trisomy 21 because individuals with Down syndrome ____.
Select one:
a) have three distinct facial features by the twenty-first week of pregnancy
b) show three distinct temperament patterns by the twenty-first week of infancy
c) have a third chromosome on the twenty-first pair
d) have 21 genes on the third pair of chromosomes
c) have a third chromosome on the twenty-first pair
Dr. Mitchell is conducting a research study on temperament. As a basis of this study, he plans to follow 1,000 subjects from the age of 5 to the age of 35. At periodic times he will revisit subjects and their temperament. Dr. Mitchell’s research study is planned to last for 30 years. Which of the following best describes the type of research Dr. Mitchell is conducting?
Select one:
a) Ethnographic research
b) Quasi-experimental research
c) Longitudinal research
d) Observational research
c) Longitudinal research
From a global perspective, which of the following is the most common teratogen to affect pregnancies?
Select one:
a) lead
b) alcohol
c) rubella
d) malnutrition
d) malnutrition
What happens when a person who had difficulty with the developmental challenge in one of Erikson’s stages has trouble in the next stage? He or she is ___________
Select one:
a) equally likely to do well with the new stage as someone who successfully resolved the developmental challenge at the earlier stage
b) at high risk for being unsuccessful at the next stage as well
c) more likely to do well since he or she experienced difficulty in the previous stage
d) none of the above
b) at high risk for being unsuccessful at the next stage as well
The first 2 weeks after fertilisation are known as:
Select one:
a) conception
b) the germinal period
c) the embryonic period
d) the foetal period
b) the germinal period
According to Freud, traumatic events during childhood that are buried in the unconscious mind are also known as ____ memories.
a) repressed
b) expressed
c) conscious
d) conditioned
a) repressed
Jill’s mother and father both have brown eyes, yet she has blue eyes. She has come to believe that she is not her parents’ actual biological daughter. What would you tell her?
Select one:
a) Her mother and father probably carry the recessive trait for blue eyes.
b) She is correct; there is no way that she would have blue eyes if she were really her parents’ biological daughter.
c) Blue eyes are dominant, so her parents should have blue eyes too.
d) Only the environment determines eye colour once the foetus has been born
a) Her mother and father probably carry the recessive trait for blue eyes.
Working with patients suffering from various mental health problems, Freud concluded that a consistent theme across patients was that they seemed to have experienced some kind of _____________.
Select one:
a) incongruent self-concept that is interfering with daily functioning
b) momentous event that classically conditioned a fear within them
c) traumatic event in childhood now buried in their unconscious
d) biological unfolding of the genetic code that is interfering with daily life
c) traumatic event in childhood now buried in their unconscious
Word ‘infant’ means ______.
without speech
Growth that tends to begin at the top, with the head, and then proceeds downwards to the rest of the body?
The cephalocaudal principle
Growth from the middle of the body outwards?
The proximodistal principle
Lateralisation is the specialisation of the _____ ___________.
two hemispheres
Balance, posture and whole-body movements (e.g. crawling) are part of ______________ development.
gross motor
Finely tuned movements of the hands (e.g. grasping and manipulating objects) are part of ___________ development.
fine motor
The ability to discern the relative distance of objects in the environment?
Depth perception
The integration and coordination of sensory information is called ________.
intermodal perception
When new information is altered to fit an existing schema?
Assimilation
Changing the schema to adapt to the new information?
Accomodation
5 substages of sensorimotor development:
- Simple reflexes (0-1 month) - cognitive activity is based on the neonatal reflexes such as sucking, rooting and grasping.
- First habits and primary circular reaction (1-4 months) - activities based less on reflexes and more on purposeful movements (repeated bodily movements, sucking of hands and fingers)
- Secondary circular reactions (4-8 months) - same as first circular reaction but reactions involve external activities (kicking a hanging mobile over and over as it bring joy)
- Coordination of secondary schemes (8-12 months) - FIRST intentional actions, goal directed behaviour, coordination of schemas (reaching, grasping, moving objects)
- Tertiary circular reactions (12-18 months) - TRIAL and ERROR, intentionally test to see what the effects will be. FULLY INTENTIONAL.
The assumption that infants will look longer at an event that has violated their expectations (moving carrot experiment)?
Violation of expectations method
Directing of the attention to whatever people around are attending to?
Joint attention
Bronfenbrenner’s theory is a stage theory of human development theory like Freud or Erikson. True/False
False, his theory focuses on the multiple influences that shape human social development
By 2050, population of USA is predicted to _______ and population of China to _______.
increase/decrease
What is traditional culture?
People in rural areas of developing countries who tend to adhere to historical traditions of their culture than people in urban areas. Collectivistic culture!
Ontogenetic development is the development of _________ within the spices.
individual
Phylogenetic development is the development of ________.
species
According to Freud, everything important in development happens before adulthood. In fact, Freud viewed the personality completed by the age of _____.
6
Desire to displace same sex parent and enjoy sexual access to the other-sex parent?
Oedipus complex
According to Ericson, development continues throughout life span. True/False
True
Developmental theory based on 5 interrelating social systems in the environment in which a child is an active member?
Bronfenbrenner ecological theory
Microsystem involves the immediate environment where people experience daily lives such as:
parents, siblings, peers, friends, teachers, coaches, employers……
Mesosystem is a network of interconnections between the various microsystems:
child experiencing adverse childhood may have difficult relationship with teacher, or parent’s employer demanding longer hours the relationship with child will be affected
Exosystem involves societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influence on the child:
schools, religious institutions, media, competition to get into university
Macrosystem - system of cultural beliefs and values, economic and governmental systems that are based on those beliefs.
E.g. religion of Islam in middle eastern countries
Chronosystem involves changes that occur in development over time, historical changes.
Job loss, occupational opportunities today compared to 50 years ago
Human cells have ____ chromosomes in ____ pairs, with one chromosome in each pair inherited from the mother and one from the father.
46, 23
Chromosomes are composed of complex molecules known as _______.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Basic units of hereditary information are called _______.
genes
Entire store of organism’s hereditary information is referred to as _________.
genome
46 chromosomes contain about ________ genes.
23,000
Person’s actual characteristics are referred to as _________.
phenotype
Only dominant genes become part of phenotype (dominant-recessive inheritance). True/False
True
Can recessive genes be expressed? Yes/No
Yes, in phenotype when paired with another recessive gene
Height, weight and skin colour, as well as intelligence, personality and susceptibility to illnesses such as heart disease, diabetes, ADHD is part of ________ inheritance.
polygenic (interaction of multiple genes, not just one).
Sex chromosomes XX are for ______, XY for ______.
females, males
Researchers in behaviour genetics use ________ studies and ________ studies to estimate the influence of genes on development.
twin, adoption
Developed from the same ova and sperm - identical genotype, _______ MZ twins.
monozygotic (MZ) - identical
Developed from two ova and two sperms, share 40-60% genes, _______ DZ twins.
dizygotic - fraternal
Statistical estimate of the extent to which genes are responsible for the differences among people withing a specific population.
Heritability
The similarity in phenotype between family members is measured by_______
concordance rate (0-100%)
The higher the concordance rate the more similar the two people are. True/False
True
Determined by the environment where a person’s phenotype will fall withing that range - height vs nutrition
reaction range
What are the only cells in human body that don’t contain 46 chromosomes?
Gametes (reproductive cells)
Gametes or reproductive cells are formed in a process called _________.
meiosis
Process of cell replication?
Mitosis
The fluid in the ovum that is the main source of nutrition in the first two weeks after conception?
Cytoplasm
New cell formed from fertilisation is called _______.
zygote
The first two weeks after fertilisation?
Germinal period
Ball of about 100 cells formed 1 weeks after conception?
Blastocyst
Outer blastocyte layer (trophoblast) will form structures that provide ________ and ___________.
protection and nourishment
Inner embryonic disk will become ______.
the embryo of the new organism.
Two consequences of sex chromosome disorder:
- cognitive deficit (intellectual disability, learning disorder or speech impairment)
- some abnormality in the development of the reproductive system in puberty (underdeveloped testes and penis in boys or no ovulation in girls).
Dawn syndrome or trisomy-21 is due to
an extra chromosome on the 21 pair.
Permanent alteration of a DNA sequence that makes up a gene?
Genetic mutation
What is lanugo?
Fine body hair covering faetus while in uterus
What is vernix?
Oily, cheese substance covering the body
Two soft spots on baby head that take about 18 months to fuse?
Fontanels
Newly born child is called _______ and the first 4 weeks of life _______ period.
neonate, neonatal
Yellowish look to skin and eyeballs in the first few days of life due to immaturity of the liver?
Neonatal jaundice
Deprivation of oxygen?
Anoxia
Can few minutes of anoxia cause permanent cognitive damage?
Yes, it results in a swift and massive death of brain cells.
The APGAR scale (0-10) created by Virginia Apgar stands for:
A - appearance (colour)
P - pulse (heart rate)
G - grimace (reflex)
A - activity (muscles)
R - respiration (breathing)
How many time are neonates rated?
Twice.
- first, about a minute after birth
- second, after 5 minutes as their condition can change very quickly during this time for better or worse
Low birth weight is less than _____ grams.
2500
Preterm is born ____ or more weeks prior than 40 weeks.
3
What is kangaroo care?
Skin to skin contact
Small-for-date-risk infants are 4 time more likely to die than preterm infants. True/False
True
The percentage of world low birth weight?
15%
Preterm lungs often lack _______ (coating), a deficiency with potentially fatal consequences.
surfactant
Neonate on average sleeps ______ hour a day.
16-17
Automatic responses to certain kinds of stimulation.
Reflexes
What is a let-down reflex?
Mother releasing milk to the tip of her nipple whenever she hears the sound of the infant crying.
