Toddler/ Preschool Flashcards
toddler age
1-3years
head circumference until. ?
2 years of age
Jean Piaget for toddler
Preoperational
years 2-7
egocentric in thoughts
animism
pretend play
Erik Erikson for toddler
autonomy vs. shame and doubt stage
-greater sense of personal control which in turn promotes confidence
WCC screenings
Ages 6years and younger:
Ages and Stages Questionnaire -done by parents
Denver Development
BP screening?
3 years of age
Anemia screening in toddler
between 1 year and 5 years
via checking hematocrit
Lead screening for toddler
questionnaires for children in high risk areas, such as large , urban cities
6mo-6years
Tuberculosis screening for toddlers
PPD for ages 4 and 6years
Cholesterol screening for toddlers
2 years of age to assess for Family Hx of dyslipidemia, CV risk factors
Dental screening for toddlers
ideally occur after first tooth eruption and no later than age 1
WCC schedule
12mo/15mo/18mo
WCC at 2 years of age should be annually
weight and height measured when for toddler?
at each visit till 2 years and then annually
Anterior fontanel
closes between 12mo and 18mo
delayed closure may indicate hypothyroidism and Down syndrome
teeth for toddler
primary teeth at 6mo
permanent teeth at 6 years
crying toddler can cause what for ear exam?
Childs tympanic membrane may appear red
lymph nodes assessment
-assess for for neck masses
-shotty nodes are normal findings w/ 1-2cm enlargment typically present post-infection
periorbital edema in toddle
may indicate Nephrotic Syndrome
Fissures at corner of lips for toddler
may indicate a vitamin deficiency
toddler mouth breathing
may indicate allergic rhinitis
child squatting during play
may indicate cardiac disorder
Tetrology of Fallot
orbital and eyelids edema in toddlers
CV disease, bc toddlers do not have dependent edema
PMI for toddlers
4th intercostal space in the midclavicular line
Genu Varum
Genu Valgum
bowlegs: resolves 2years of age
knocked knees: resolves by age 7
Toddler Motor Skills
2 years
-walk up and down steps
-run
-kick a ball
-build a tower of blocks four or more
3 years
-ride a tricycle
-copy a circle
4 years
-begin to hop and show ability to draw a person w/ at least 2 body parts
-training wheels
5 years
-skip
-copy squares and other shapes
-draw person with 5 body parts
Peroperational/ pre conceptual
Jean Piaget
ages 2-7
-egocentrism
-animism
preconceptual substage: 2-4 years
intuitive substage: 4-7 years
Visual Acuity of toddler
performed with older than 3 years of age
-20/30 is normal
2+3=5years
Hearing test for toddler
3 years of age and older
-play audiometry, similar to pure tone audiometry, except that the child performs specific play actions when he or she hears tones
language of toddlers
2 words by 2 years
3 words by 3 years
4 words by 4 years
5 words by 5 years
Autonomy v Shame and Doubt
Erik Erikson
-2-3 years
-sense of independence by gaining personal control
parallel play
Gold Standard Screening for Developmental delays
Bayley Scales of infant and toddler Development
(BAYLEY-III)
Toddler Nutrition and Feeding
-bottle should be weaned to reduce the risk of tooth decay
-a sippy cup can be used around 10months
-forks and spoons by 18months
Dental health of the toddler
-first dental exam by 1 year of age
-brushing twice a day, including before bed
Sleep for toddlers
-10-12hours per night, and a daily afternoon nap
-Nightmares start before 3 and 6
-Night terror, episodes of extreme panic, last till age 12
Toddler Toilet Training
-typically 1.5years of age -3years
-day control achieved around 3-4
-day and night control typically achieve around 4-5 years of age
-child never punished for incontinence
Stuttering
Abnormal speech patterns marked by the presence of repetitions and pauses in speech, known as dysfluencies
-diagnosed by a language pathologist
-children referred if stutter last longer than 6months , older than 6years and stutter, or avoid speaking
Treatment:
-electronic devices, controlled fluency, and CBT
PDD
Autism îs most common pervasive development disorder
-characterized by speech and language delays
-advance speech toddler with autism may use echolalia:
-repeating another words mechanically and meaninglessly
-M-CHAT-R= score >2 refer
-Aripiprazole and risperdone= PCP does not prescribe or refill there, they are antipsychotic and can only be prescribed or refilled by ASD specialist or psych
Aspergers Syndrome (AS)
PDD
-overlaps high functioning autism in its often severe and sustained impairments in social interaction
-may exhibit obsessive compulsive tendencies
-speech is delayed but language is normal
Rett’s Disorder (RTT)
PDD
-Neurologic. disorder that. causes developmental reversals and occurs exclusively in FEMALES
-developmental regression after a 5-month period of normal functioning and growth
-first stage, hypertonicity, delayed head growth
-stereotypic hand movements appear in all RTT
-scoliosis common and increases w/ age
-nervous system irritability, with drawl symptoms, and seizures
Childhood disintegrative Disorder (CDD)
PDD
-begins with about two. years of normal development, followed by significant regression in multiple areas of functioning
-CDD more common in males
-more severe in females
