Growth and Development Flashcards
Neonates and wt loss
-Neonates may initially lose 5%-10% of their weight within the first few days of life.
-Neonate regain their brith weight by 14 days
Infants should exclusively breastfeed how?
On demand
Benefits of breastfeeding?
-improve GI function
-decrease incidence of acute illnesses
-decrease the risk of allergic diseases
-prevent inflammatory diseases
-prevent childhood obesity
Neonates and Vitamin D
-Daily Vitamin D supplements of 400IU begin a few days after delivery
Vegan Mothers that breastfeed
-Should receive Vitamin B12 to prevent neurological abnormalities in the infant.
Iron for neonates begin when?
6months with iron rich or fortified foods.
Fluoride Supplementation for neonates begin?
6months of age, where water is not treated or less than 0.3 parts per million of fluoride
Eruptions of teeth in neonate
begin with central incisiors
-followed by lateral incisor, canine, first molar, and second molar
Cognitive Domain
Jean Piaget
-senorimotor stage, birth to 2 years
-object permanence
-Preoperational/ preconceptual, 2-4years
-developing intuitive thought
-egocentrism
-animism
-Concrete Operational, 7-11years
-problem solving logically
-Formal Operational, 11-15years
-abstract thinking
Erik Erickson
Psychosocial Stages
-trust v mistrust
-birth to 1 year
-Autonomy v shame and doubt
-1 year - 3 years
-initiative v guilt
-3years - 6 years
-industry v inferiority
-7years -11years
-identity v role confusion
-12years-18years
Sigmund Freud
Psychosexual
-oral stage, birth to 1 years
-focus on sensation of feeding
-ID
-anal stage, 1 year to 3 years
-potty training
-phallic stage, 3-6years
-Ego
- love of opposite sex
-Oedipus complex (attachment to opposite sex parent)
-latent stage, 6-12years
-Superego and morality
-socialization, repression of sexual drive
-genital stage, 12-18years
-direct sexual urges onto peers
Corrective Gestational age
developmental expectations for premature infants through 2 years of age.
BMI begins?
for overweight and obese children as early as 2 years of age
Denver II test does not measure intelligence it serves as?
-generalized assessment tool
-can be used from birth-6years
-growth, language, personal-social skills, gross, and fine motor skills
2 months
-coos, gurgling sounds
-turn head towards sounds
-follows with eyes
-can hold head up
4months
-reaches with ONE hand
6 months
-responds to own name
-begins to pass things from one hand to the other
-when standing, supports weight on legs and might bounce
9 months
-Pincer grasp
-pulls to stand
1 year
-cries when mom or dad leaves (separation anxiety)
-waves bye bye
-says “mama” and “dada”
-walks/ cruising
18 months
-may cling to caregivers in new situations
-plays simple pretend
-points to one body part
-may walk up steps and run
Anatomical differences for children
Small Body Mass
-the body mass of a child typically has less fat, less elastic connective tissue, and a closer proximity of the chest to the abdominal organs
-young children have a very large head size in comparison to their body size, which causes them to be more likely to fall on their head
Smaller circulating blood vol/ less fluid reserve
-blood loss of even small amount can be considered significant in children.
-a 5kg child who hemorrhage of 100ml will lose approx. 10% of their total blood volume
Skeletal
-due to increased elasticity of children’s bones they are most prone to having greenstick fractures, which occur when a bone bends before cracking
Head
-children have larger head-to-body ratios than adults.
-making them vulnerable to head and spine injuries as well as heat loss and hypothermia
Chest
-closer proximity of organs resulting in an increased likelihood of multi;le organs being injured during a given traumatic event
Airway
-smaller trachea, smaller lung volumes, more compliant chest wall, and small forced residual capacity
-shorter trachea/ larger tongue
BSA
-larger head size and increased BSA risk for heat loss and hypothermia
-think skin, evaporative heat loss due to lack of subcutaneous tissue and increased caloric and energy expenditures
(high energy expenditure and higher metabolism puts children at risk for hypoglycemia)
