Growth and Development

Question 1

Neonates and wt loss

Answer 1

-Neonates may initially lose 5%-10% of their weight within the first few days of life.
-Neonate regain their brith weight by 14 days

Question 2

Infants should exclusively breastfeed how?

Answer 2

On demand

Question 3

Benefits of breastfeeding?

Answer 3

-improve GI function
-decrease incidence of acute illnesses
-decrease the risk of allergic diseases
-prevent inflammatory diseases
-prevent childhood obesity

Question 4

Neonates and Vitamin D

Answer 4

-Daily Vitamin D supplements of 400IU begin a few days after delivery

Question 5

Vegan Mothers that breastfeed

Answer 5

-Should receive Vitamin B12 to prevent neurological abnormalities in the infant.

Question 6

Iron for neonates begin when?

Answer 6

6months with iron rich or fortified foods.

Question 7

Fluoride Supplementation for neonates begin?

Answer 7

6months of age, where water is not treated or less than 0.3 parts per million of fluoride

Question 8

Eruptions of teeth in neonate

Answer 8

begin with central incisiors
-followed by lateral incisor, canine, first molar, and second molar

Question 9

Cognitive Domain

Answer 9

Jean Piaget
-senorimotor stage, birth to 2 years
-object permanence
-Preoperational/ preconceptual, 2-4years
-developing intuitive thought
-egocentrism
-animism
-Concrete Operational, 7-11years
-problem solving logically
-Formal Operational, 11-15years
-abstract thinking

Question 10

Erik Erickson

Answer 10

Psychosocial Stages
-trust v mistrust
-birth to 1 year
-Autonomy v shame and doubt
-1 year - 3 years
-initiative v guilt
-3years - 6 years
-industry v inferiority
-7years -11years
-identity v role confusion
-12years-18years

Question 11

Sigmund Freud

Answer 11

Psychosexual
-oral stage, birth to 1 years
-focus on sensation of feeding
-ID
-anal stage, 1 year to 3 years
-potty training
-phallic stage, 3-6years
-Ego
- love of opposite sex
-Oedipus complex (attachment to opposite sex parent)
-latent stage, 6-12years
-Superego and morality
-socialization, repression of sexual drive
-genital stage, 12-18years
-direct sexual urges onto peers

Question 12

Corrective Gestational age

Answer 12

developmental expectations for premature infants through 2 years of age.

Question 13

BMI begins?

Answer 13

for overweight and obese children as early as 2 years of age

Question 14

Denver II test does not measure intelligence it serves as?

Answer 14

-generalized assessment tool
-can be used from birth-6years
-growth, language, personal-social skills, gross, and fine motor skills

Question 15

2 months

Answer 15

-coos, gurgling sounds
-turn head towards sounds
-follows with eyes
-can hold head up

Question 16

4months

Answer 16

-reaches with ONE hand

Question 17

6 months

Answer 17

-responds to own name
-begins to pass things from one hand to the other
-when standing, supports weight on legs and might bounce

Question 18

9 months

Answer 18

-Pincer grasp
-pulls to stand

Question 19

1 year

Answer 19

-cries when mom or dad leaves (separation anxiety)
-waves bye bye
-says “mama” and “dada”
-walks/ cruising

Question 20

18 months

Answer 20

-may cling to caregivers in new situations
-plays simple pretend
-points to one body part
-may walk up steps and run

Question 21

Anatomical differences for children

Answer 21

Small Body Mass
-the body mass of a child typically has less fat, less elastic connective tissue, and a closer proximity of the chest to the abdominal organs
-young children have a very large head size in comparison to their body size, which causes them to be more likely to fall on their head

Smaller circulating blood vol/ less fluid reserve
-blood loss of even small amount can be considered significant in children.
-a 5kg child who hemorrhage of 100ml will lose approx. 10% of their total blood volume

Skeletal
-due to increased elasticity of children’s bones they are most prone to having greenstick fractures, which occur when a bone bends before cracking

Head
-children have larger head-to-body ratios than adults.
-making them vulnerable to head and spine injuries as well as heat loss and hypothermia

Chest
-closer proximity of organs resulting in an increased likelihood of multi;le organs being injured during a given traumatic event

Airway
-smaller trachea, smaller lung volumes, more compliant chest wall, and small forced residual capacity
-shorter trachea/ larger tongue

Question 22

BSA

Answer 22

-larger head size and increased BSA risk for heat loss and hypothermia
-think skin, evaporative heat loss due to lack of subcutaneous tissue and increased caloric and energy expenditures
(high energy expenditure and higher metabolism puts children at risk for hypoglycemia)