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PNCB2 > Toddler and Preschool Health > Flashcards

Toddler and Preschool Health Flashcards

1
Q

Toddler definition

A

1-3 years

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2
Q

Preschool definition

A

4-5 years

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3
Q

Anthropometric measurements for toddlers

A

length, height, weight, head circumference up to 2 years

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4
Q

Anthropometric measurements for preschooler

A

height, weight, blood pressure starting at 3 years old, then each year

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5
Q

What laboratory tests are recommended for toddlers?

A

hematocrit (at 2 years or once between ages 1-5 unless otherwise indicated)
lead screening by 2 years-based on appropriateness from risk factors

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6
Q

What laboratory tests are indicated for preschoolers?

A

PPD for TB between 4-6 years if at risk

Cholesterol screening from 2-9 years–if family history

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7
Q

What is the toddler schedule for well child visits?

A

12, 15, 18, 24, 30, 36 months

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8
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close?

A

18 months

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9
Q

Chest and head are _____ until age 1.

A

equal in size

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10
Q

Which is larger, chest or head, by end of this preschool period?

A

chest grows 5 cm >head by end of this period

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11
Q

Discuss potential signs of cardiac issues in this age group.

A 
Increased RR at rest or during sleep
Eyelid or orbital edema
squatting during play 
sleeping in knee-to-chest position
exercise intolerance
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12
Q

Where is the point of maximal impulse (PMI)?

A

near the 4th intercostal space midclavicular line

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13
Q

Name gross motor skills for a 2 year old

A

up and down steps
kicks ball without falling
runs with wide gait

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14
Q

Name fine motor skills for a 2 year old

A

tower of 8 cubes

turns a doorknob

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15
Q

Describe language development of a 2 year old

A

up to a 50 word vocab
can follow 2-step commands
talks constantly
**2 words together by 2

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16
Q

Name gross motor skills of a 3 year old

A

hops at 3.5 years

rides a tricycle

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17
Q

Name fine motor skills of a 3 year old

A

copies a circle

builds a tower

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18
Q

Discuss language development of a 3 year old

A

up to a 900 word vocabulary

**3 words together by 3

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19
Q

Name gross motor skills of a 4 year old

A

up and down stairs with alternating feet

rides bicycle with training wheels

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20
Q

Name fine motor skills of a 4 year old

A

draws a person with 4 to 6 parts

tower of 10 blocks

21
Q

Discuss language development for a 4 year old

A

can understand phrases and simple analogies

**4 words together by 4

22
Q

Name gross motor skills of a 5 year old

A

skips
jumps rope
plays ball

23
Q

Name fine motor skills of a 5 year old

A

copies a square
copies multiple shapes
prints letters
ties shoes

24
Q

Discuss language development of a 5 year old

A

vocal greater than 2000 words
uses sentences regularly
knows at least 4 colors
**Five words together by 5

25
Q

Discuss play in toddlers and preschoolers

A

onlooker and parallel play (Play by friends) in toddlers

associative, cooperative, dramatic, physical play (play with friends) in preschoolers

26
Q

What is the Bayley scales?

A

gold standard for the diagnosis of developmental delays in infants/toddlers to 42 months of age

separate mental, motor, and behavioral rating scales

27
Q

When should utensils be introduced?

A

introduce spoon between 15-17 months of age

28
Q

When do nightmares begin?

A

Around age 3

29
Q

When do night terrors begin?

A

Typically between 2-6 years–most outgrow as they get older.

When they wake up, do not know they were crying

30
Q

When does physiologic and psychological readiness for toilet training begin?

A

Typically between 1.5 and 2.5 years
Average daytime control is typically achieved by 2
Average nighttime control lags behind by 1 year compared to daytime contorl

31
Q

Name developmental warning signs of a 1 year old.

A

not imitating sounds
not pulling to standing
not indicating desires by point/gesture

32
Q

Name developmental warning signs of a 18 month old.

A

no eye contact

does not feed self with spoon

33
Q

Name developmental warning signs of a 2 year old.

A

is not walking up stairs
is not using 2-3 word phrases
is not noticing cars, animals
is initiating self-stimulating behaviors (rocking, flapping)

34
Q

Name developmental warning signs of a 3 year old.

A 
Is not aware of external environment
cannot ride a tricycle
does not follow simple direction
continues baby talk
does not imitate adult activities
35
Q

Name developmental warning signs of a 4 year old.

A 
does not listen to a story
does not speak in sentences
engages in head banging or rocking
is not toilet trained
does not draw a human figure
36
Q

Name developmental warning signs of a 5 year old.

A

Magical thinking is still dominant

no impulse control

37
Q

Discuss stuttering.

A

Occurs in 10% of children
More common in males
Maybe familial
Lasts for several weeks to 6 months but 50% of cases resolve spontaneously without intervention

38
Q

When should you refer for stuttering?

A

Lasts >6 months
Child >6 years old
Child avoids speaking

39
Q

What is autism?

A

Pervasive development disorder
Marked abnormal or impaired development in social interaction usually noted within first year of life
*language delay

40
Q

What is asperger’s syndrome?

A

Pervasive development disorder
Severe and sustained impairment of social interaction
*No language delay, OCD tendencies
**Not in DSM-V

41
Q

What is Rett’s disorder?

A

Pervasive development disorder
Neurogenerative developmental regression following a period of normal functioning through the first 5 months of age
*Has only been diagnosed in females

42
Q

What is the etiology of Rett’s?

A

unknown

43
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Rett’s?

A 
lack of gain in developmental milestones
CNS irritability and withdrawal symptoms
Loss of skills previously mastered (speech and hand)
Stereotypic hand movements
Delayed head growth
seizures
scoliosis
hypertonicity
44
Q

What is childhood disintegrative disorder?

A

Pervasive developmental disorder

marked regression in a multiple areas of functioning following a period of at least 2 years of normal development

45
Q

Onset of developmental delay must occur by what age to diagnose a Pervasive development disorder?

A

by age 3

46
Q

DSM-IV-TR requires _ total behaviors from what 3 categories to diagnose a pervasive development disorder?

A

6 total behaviors from these 3 categories
motor
language
communication/social

47
Q

Who are pervasive development disorders most common in and what is the prevalence?

A

most common in males (excepts Rett’s), but if occurs in females, more severe

2-5:10,000

48
Q

What should visual acuity be by 5 years old?

A

20/30

PNCB2 (18 decks)

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