Tissues working together Flashcards
1
Q
What are the three layers of skin?
A
- Epidermis
- Dermis
- Hypodermis
2
Q
What is thin skin?
A
Think skin is the most common type of skin, it has a substantial dermal layer and has thing like hair folicles.
3
Q
What is thick skin?
A
It is skin that has a thick layer of karatinised cells and has no hair
4
Q
What type of epithelium is the epidermis?
A
Stratified squamous kerainised epithelium
5
Q
What are the four layers of the epidermis starting from basement membrane?
A
- Stratum basale
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum corneum
6
Q
What is a significant part of stratum basale?
A
It has desmosomes and hemidesmosomes
7
Q
What is the significance of stratum spinosum?
A
Cells are flatter here, it has desmosomes and it accumulates keratin
8
Q
What is the significance of stratum granulosum?
A
It is the granular layer, with basophilic granules which are bundles of keratin
9
Q
What is stratum corneum?
A
It is a layer of dead cells
10
Q
What are melanocytes?
A
They are cells in the basal layer of the epidermis that produce melanosomes and are able to secrete melanin granules
11
Q
What is the function of melanocytes?
A
UV protection of cells
12
Q
What determines the colour of your skin?
A
The amount of melanin produced
13
Q
What are the functions of dermal-epidermal junction?
A
- Strong adheres epidermis to dermis
- Maximise exchange
14
Q
What is the function of the dermis?
A
Mostly to supply nutrients and protection as it has CT
15
Q
What is the function of the hypodermis?
A
- Energy storage
- Insulation
- Protection
16
Q
What is a Langerhans cell?
A
It is a cell that is a type of a macrophage
17
Q
What is a Merkel cell?
A
It is a cell that is situated near cells and serves as nerve endings and is used as a mechanoreceptor.
18
Q
What is the appearance of the dermal-epidermal junction?
A
It is papilla like
19
Q
Why is the dermal-epidermal junction papilla-like?
A
To facilitate and maximise exchange of nutrients between the dermis and epidermis.
20
Q
What are the two layers of the Dermis?
A
Papillary layer and Reticular layer
21
Q
What is the structure of the papillary layer of the dermis?
A
It has loose CT, fine elastic fibres & collagen with minimal elastic cells
22
Q
What is the function of the papillary layer of the dermis?
A
It functions as nourishment to the epidermis
23
Q
What an ordinary sweat gland?
A
It is a sweat gland that is distributed over the entire body. It’s duct goes directly to skin surface
24
Q
What is an apocrine sweat gland?
A
It is a sweat gland where the duct goes to the hair follicle.
25
What is the function of ordinary sweat gland?
Thermoregulation
26
What is the function of apocrine sweat gland?
Uknown but regulated using an endocrine system.
27
What are the three-layer of the hair follicle starting from the middle?
1. Medulla
2. Cortex
3. Cuticle of hair
28
What are arrector pili?
They are the structure that helps to erect the hair follicle
29
What is the function of sebaceous glands?
Uknown, maybe antimicrobial
30
What are the 2 distinct layer of oral mucosa?
1. Epithelium
2. Lamina propria
31
What are the 4 functions of oral mucosa?
1. Protection
2. Sensory
3. Synthesis
4. Esthetics
32
What are the three types of oral mucosa?
1. Masticatory mucosa
2. Lining mucosa
3. Specialised mucosa
33
What is the feature of masticatory mucosa below lamina propria?
It has no submucosa
34
What is a parakeratinised epithelium?
When there are cells within the keratinised epithelium, e.g. gingiva
35
What is orthokeratinised epothelium?
Normaly keratinised epithelium e.g. outer part of the lip
36
What is junctional epithelium?
It is an area that attaches to the enamel
37
What are the three factors that contribute to the appearance of the lip?
1. Capillary concentration
2. Capillary dilation
3. Epithelium thickness
4. Melanin pigment present
5. Thinly keratinised
6. Protein eleidin
38
What are the three areas of the lip?
1. Skin
2. Vermillion border
3. Labial mucosa
39
What are the 4 types of papillae on the tongue?
1. Filiform
2. Fungiform
3. Foliate
4. Circumvallate
40
What epithelium is present on the dorsal surface of the tongue?
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
41
What epithelium is present on the ventral surface of the tongue?
Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
42
What is the filiform papilla?
The most numerous, conical with keratinised tips, no taste buds.
43
What is fungiform papilla?
Mushroom-shaped, highly vascularized connective tissue core, taste buds present.
44
What is circumvallate papilla?
Surrounded by a circular trench, opening of the ducts of serous glands of Von Ebner.
45
Why is there a difference between wound healing in the mouth and the skin?
Gene expression profiles of oral and skin epithelium are quite different.
46
What are the three functions of salivary glands?
1. Wet and lubricate the oral cavity
2. Provide anti-bacterial protection
3. Facilitate swallowing & initiate digestion
47
What are the 7 types of exocrine glands?
1. Simple tubular
2. Simple coiled tubular
3. Simple branched tubular
4. Simple branched acinar
5. Compound tubular
6. Compound tubuloacinar
7. Compound acinar
48
What are the three major salivary glands?
1. Parotids
2. Submandibular
3. Sublingual
49
What type of gland is the parotid salivary gland?
Branched acinar gland, secretory portion composed of serous cells
50
What type of gland is the submandibular salivary gland?
Branched tubuloacinar gland, secretory portion contains both mucous and serous cells.
51
What type of gland is the sublingual salivary gland?
Branched tubuloacinar gland, secretory portion contains predominantly mucous cells
52
What are the two cell types found in glands?
1. Parenchyma (functional tissue)
2. Connective tissues (supporting tissue)
53
What are the two types of secretion within salivary glands?
1. Serous (produce proteins and polysaccharides)
2. Mucous cells (mucinogen and glycoproteins)
54
What are the features of serous cells?
1. Pyramid in shape
2. Active protein production
55
What are the features of mucous cells?
1. Cuboidal to columnar
2. Pale staining
56
What are the three parts of the duct for the salivary glands?
1. Intercalated duct
2. Striated duct
3. Excretory duct
57
What type of cells are in the intercalated duct?
Cuboidal epithelium
58
What type of cells are in the striated ducts?
Cells with membrane infoldings
59
What type of cells are in the excretory ducts?
Stratified columnar cells
60
What are myoepithelial cells?
They are cells that wrap around the secretory cells and promote secretion by contraction
61
What is the composition of saliva?
1. 99% water
2. 0.5% Electrolytes & proteins
62
What are the two stages of saliva?
1. Primary saliva - isotonic
2. Secondary saliva - modified in the duct
63
What triggers saliva secretion?
1. Mechanical
2. Gustatory
3. Olfactory
64
How does the autonomic nervous system control the salivary gland?
Through parasympathetic or Sympathetic
65
What is the difference between the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems?
The parasympathetic - slow and digest.
The sympathetic - flight or fight.
66
What are mucins?
Mucins are complex proteins molecules formed by polypeptide chains.
67
What are the functions of mucins?
1. Contribute to pellicle
2. Protect from acids
68
What is the microscopic anatomy of the gingiva starting from CEJ?
1. CEJ
2. Junction epithelium
3. Sulcular epithelium
4. Oral epithelium
69
What are the functions of Junctional Epithelium?
1. Attachment between tooth and connective
2. Epithelial barrier against biofilm bacteria
3. Bacterial sensor
4. Allows transition of components of the immunological host defence into the sulcus
5. Rapid turn over rate allows for fast repare.
70
What are the cells within the periodontal ligament?
1. Fibroblasts
2. Osteoblasts
3. Osteoclasts
4. Cementoblasts
71
What are the functions of the periodontal ligament?
1. Attachment of teeth to bone
2. Soft tissue case to protect neurovascular complex
3. Nutrition and sensory
4. Transmission of occlusal forces to the bone
5. Constant adaptation to functional demands
6. Resistance to the impact of occlusal forces
72
How many types of cementum are there?
4
73
What types of cells are present in the cementum?
1. Cementoblasts
2. Cementocytes
3. Cementoclasts
4. Fibroblasts
74
What is the makeup of cementum?
65% mineral content + collagen fibrils in organic matrix
75
What are the functions of the cementum?
1. Attaches periodontal ligament fibers to the root
2. Contributes to the repair after root surface damage
3. Adjusts tooth position to new requirements
4. Deposits continuously throughout life
5. Covers and protects the dentine
76
What are the three types of bone present near the tooth, starting from closest to the tooth?
1. Alveolar bone
2. Trabecular bone
3. Compact bone
77
What are the 4 functions of the skull?
1. Protection of the brain
2. Sense Organs
3. Airway
4. Mastication of Food
78
What is the structure of the TMJ starting from the temporal bone?
1. Temporal Bone
2. Articular eminence
3. Articular Disc
4. Condyle
79
What are the primary muscles of mastication?
1. Masseter
2. Medial pterygoid
3. Temporalis
4. Lateral pterygoid
5. Digastric
80
What are the origin and insertion of the masseter muscle?
Origin: Zygomatic bone & arch
Insertion: Lateral aspect of the angle of mandible
81
What are the origin and insertion of medial pterygoid muscle?
Origin: Medial aspect of lateral Pterygoid plate
Insertion: Medial Aspect of angle of mandible
82
What are the origin and insertion of the temporalis muscle?
Origin: temporal line
Insertion: Coronoid process
83
What are the origin and insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle?
Origin: Lateral pterygoid plate
Insertion: Pterygoid fovea
84
What is the only way bone can increase in size?
Bones can only grow through the appositional growth where new layers formed under the periosteum
85
How can cartilage grow?
Appositional & interstitial growth
86
How can bone be formed?
1. Intramembranous ossification
2. Endochondral ossification
87
What is immature bone?
Woven bone
88
What is mature bone?
Lamellar bone
89
How do flat bones of the skull develop?
Through the intramembranous ossification
90
What are the 4 steps of intramembranous ossification?
(All of the steps occur in the layer of mesenchyme)
1. Creation of ossification centre
2. Calcification
3. Formation of trabeculae
4. Development of periosteum
91
What are the two distinct parts of the endochondral ossification?
1. Cartilage changes
2. Ossification
92
What is the maximum intercuspal position?
The normal closing position in which all teeth oppose 2 other teeth except for lower central incisors
93
What is the general concept of occlusion with molars?
The mesial palatal cusps of upper molars are in the lower central fossae
94
What are the working cusps in normal occlusion?
Palatal cusps and lower buccal cusps
95
What is the angle's molar classification?
Class 1, Class 2, Class 3
96
What is class 1 angle's molar classification?
It is when the Mesial Buccal cusp of the upper 1st permanent molar is aligned with Mesial Buccal Groove of the lower 1st permanent molar
97
What is class 2 angle's molar classification?
It is when the Mesial Buccal cusp of the upper 1st permanent molar is protruded forward in association to the Mesial Buccal Groove of the lower 1st permanent molar
98
What is class 3 angle's molar classification?
It is when the Mesial Buccal cusp of the upper 1st permanent molar is retruded backwards in association to the Mesial Buccal Groove of the lower 1st permanent molar
99
What are some of the arch shapes for the jaws?
Parabolic, hyper parabolic, ovoid, trapezoid, omega, u-shaped
100
What are the steps of examination in regards to dental casts?
1. Tooth ID, tooth morphology
2. Tooth wear
3. Crowding, spacing, rotations
4. Axial inclinations
5. Shape of dental arches
6. Occlusal curvatures
7. Opposing contacts
8. Angle's molar classification
9. Mediolateral relationships
101
What are the types of selection?
1. Stabilizing selection
2. Directional selection
3. Disruptive selection
102
What are the two modes of speciation?
1. Phyletic
2. Cladogenic
103
What is phyletic speciation?
It is speciation that occurs following a long period of time and changes of the environemtn
104
What is cladogenic speciation?
It is when 1 species becomes 2
105
What are the 4 mineralised tissues in the oral environment?
1. Bone
2. Enamel
3. Dentine
4. Cementum
106
Where is the thickest enamel?
On the incisal edges
107
Where is the thinnest enamel?
At the cervical margin
108
What are the physical properties of the enamel?
Posity, semipermeable dens, translucent, crystalline, hard, low thermal conductivity, low thermal expansion
109
What are the two structures of enamel?
Hexagonal rods and interrod enamel
110
What are the striae of retzius?
They are striations that go to anges of the enamel lamellae
111
What protein enamel does not contain?
Collagen
112
What is important information that needs to be known about the dentine?
It can not be replaced
113
What are the physical properties of dentine?
It is harder than bone & cementum but softer than enamel
114
What is the composition of the dentine?
70% mineral, 20% organic material, 10% water
115
What makes up the 90% of the 20% organic material in the dentine?
Type I collagen, Type III collagen, Type V collagen
116
What are the tubules within the dentine?
They are structures that extend from the pulp to the dentino-enamel junction
117
What is the peritubular dentine?
It is the dentine that forms the wall of each tubule. Little to no collagen.
118
What is the intertubular dentine?
It is the dentine between the tubules. There is a network of type I collagen fibres
119
What are the lines of von Ebner?
They are lines that run perpendicular to the tubules
120
What are the functions of the pulp?
1. Production of dentine
2. Maintenance of dentine
3. Repair of dentine
4. Sensation
5. Defence
121
What are the four types of cells within the pulp?
1. Fibroblasts
2. Odontoblasts
3. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
4. Immune cells
