God exam questions that are good for revision Flashcards
1
Q
What are the 4 cell types present in the CT?
A
- Structural/storage: Fibroblasts and adipocytes 2. Defence: Macrophages, plasma cells and mast cells 3. Reserve cells: pericytes, primitive mesenchyme cells 4. Leukocytes also migrate from blood stream
2
Q
What shape is the epidermal-dermal junction?
A
Papilla like
3
Q
How to perform a thorrow gingival assesment?
A
Using CCCTE framework:
Colour - coral pink is the best, extent needs to be stated
Contour - knife-edged margin, pyramidal interdental papillae
Consistency - firm well adapted
Texture - Mate and maybe stippled
Exudate - Non
4
Q
What are desmosomes?
A
They are one of three major lateral cell junction. They use protein fibres to link adjacent cells together.
5
Q
What are the gap junctions?
A
They are one of three major lateral cell junctions. They allow cell to cell communication
6
Q
What are the four phases of mitosis?
A
P -prophase M - metaphase A - anaphase T - Telophase
7
Q
What is the function of the osteoclasts?
A
It is able to destroy the bone matrix.
8
Q
What is euchromatin?
A
It is a uncoiled, transcribing region. Stained lightly.
9
Q
What makes up the thin filaments?
A
Actin, troponin and tropomyosin
10
Q
What is the function of a ribosome?
A
Site of protein synthesis, found on RER.
11
Q
What cell produces collagen?
A
Fibroblasts
12
Q
What neuron is this?
A
Bipolar
13
Q
What is the composition of AGS?
A
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans
14
Q
What are the steps of muscle contraction?
A
- Action potential
- Action potential moves across the surface membrane into t tubule, trigerring the release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum
- Ca2+ binds to troponin on thin filaments
- Changes to tropo-myosin and opening of binding sites on the thin filaments
- Myosin cross bridges attach to the exposed binding sites
- The binding cause cross bridges to bend pulling the fillament
- After the power stroke cross bridge detaches
- Ca2+ is released from the troponin and returns to sarcoplasmic reticulum for next use
15
Q
What are the CT types of CT proper?
A
Loose and dense CT
16
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
The ability of the body to maintain a relatively constant internal environment
17
Q
What are the three types of cartilage?
A
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
18
Q
What neuron is this?
A
Multipolar
19
Q
How many types of collagen are there?
A
Many but we focus on type I, II, III and IV
20
Q
What are the sequenial segments of the duct system?
A
- Intercalated ducts
- Striated duct
- Excretory
21
Q
What are the ILA steps?
A
Setting
Patient
CC
SHx
MHx
DHx
Exam
22
Q
What is white matter?
A
It is found on the inner shell in the brain and outer shell in spinal cord.
23
Q
What neurotransmitter do the preganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres release?
A
ACh
24
Q
What is a perichondrium?
A
It is a layer that surrounds hyaline cartilage that contains blood vessels and nerves for nourishment of hyaline cartilage
25
What happens in the intercalated duct?
It modifies the isotonic saliva
26
What is a perineurim?
It is a CT that surrounds each nerve fascicle
27
What is the name of the medium dark band?
A band
28
What is the function of secretory vesicles?
It is a transporter organelle that arises from golgi body.
29
What are intermediate filaments composed of?
Composition varies from one are of the body to the other
30
What are the 4 tissues of the periodontium?
1. Gingiva
2. Cementum
3. Alveolar bone
4. Periodontal ligament
31
What is the major pH buffer in blood?
Carbonic acid
32
Briefly, how and why does the junctional interface of gingival mucosa, differ from the buccal mucosa?
It needs less anchoring due to the need of elasticity so the papila are not as elongated. Thee are also elastic fibres present unlike in the masticatory mucosa.
33
What is the composition of interphase?
Gap phase 1 and 2 and Synthesis phase in between.
34
What is necrosis?
It is accidental cell death
35
What is a merkel cell?
It is a mechanoreceptor that span from the underlying loose CT into the epithelium.
36
What joins acinar and ductal cells?
They are joined by tight junctions which limits the movement of eletrolytes across the epithelium
37
What is a muscle fibre?
It is a single muscle cell
38
What are the 4 classes of macromolecules?
1. Proteins 2. Polysaccharides 3. Nucleic acids 4. Lipids
39
What are the two types of glands?
Endocrine and exocrine
40
What is apoptosis?
It is programed cell death
41
What does white matter consist of?
It consists of bundles of myelinated nerve fibres
42
What is the function of calcitonin?
Decrease plasma calcium
43
What is the function of parathyroid hormone?
Enhances bone disolution
44
What is the major pH buffer in isotonic saliva?
Phospahte
45
What are the 5 steps of nociception process?
1. Noxious stimuli
2. Transduction
3. Transmission
4. Perception
5. Modulation
46
Describe the process of translation
1. mRNA presents the strand to the ribosome 2. Ribosome allows the connection f the complementary tRNA triplet to the mRNA sequence 3. Amino acid attached to the tRNA is conect into the chains of amino acids when tRNA triplet is complementary to the mRNA strand 4. Amino acid chain is created
47
What are the two types of preganglionic fibres?
Sympathetic and parasympatheic.
48
What is a p-value?
p-value is the probability of obtaining results at least as extreme as the observed results of a statistical hypothesis test, assuming that the null hypothesis is correct.
49
What is the function of neurons?
To transmit information through electrical and chemical signals
50
What are the support cells of CNS?
Neuroglia
51
What are the three types of neurons?
Multipolar, bipolar and pseudounipolar
52
What are the three stages of cell cycle?
1. Interphase 2. Mitotic phase 3. Cytokinesis
53
What are the components of CT?
AGS, fibres and CT cells
54
What occurs at stratum granulosum?
Cells become granular cells in this layer, keratinocytes die and granules are formed
55
What is the epinerium?
It is the outer most layer of the CT that surrounds the nerve
56
What are the support cells of PNS?
Schwann cells and connective tissue
57
What is significance of mitotic phase?
It is the phase where the cell undergoes cell division
58
Why does gingiva has such epithelium lining?
To allow for protection during cleaning and eating
59
What are the major ion channels?
K+, Na+, Ca2+, Cl-
60
What is the super dark bit in the muscle?
It is the overlap fo the thick and thin filament
61
What are the 9 steps of bitwing critique?
1. Density, contrast
2. Image orientation
3. Horizontal detector position
4. Vertical detector position
5. Contact point between adjacent teeth
6. Superimposition separation cusp tips
7. Presence/absences of straight-line cone cutting
8. Presence/absence of angled cone cutting
9. sharpness of image
62
What is grey matter?
It is found on the outer shell in the brain and inner shell of the spinal cord
63
What is the periodontium?
They are the structures that surround each tooth and anchor each tooth into the alveolar process
64
What are the five layers of the epidermis starting from the most superficial layer?
1. Stratum corneum 2. Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) 3. Stratum granulosum 4. Stratum spinosum 5. Stratum basale
65
What are tight junctions?
They are one of three major lateral cell junction. They fuse the cell membrane together allowing for tight closing of space
66
What is the types of specialised CT?
Blood
67
What are the two structures of the exocrine glands?
Simple (one duct) or compound (multiple ducts)
68
What is the function of microtubules?
Form centrioles and cilia
69
What are the 5 functions of AGS?
1. Solvation water 2. Viscosity 3. Support 4. Limiting the amount of free fluid in CT 5. Oedema
70
What is the function of the osteocyte?
They sit in the lacunae and support the already existing bone matrix
71
What are myoepithelial cells?
They are cells that are situated between the basal lamina and acinus and help excretion by contracting
72
What neurotransmitter do the postganglionic sympathetic and parasympathetic fibres release?
Postganglionic sympathetic fibres release adrenaline and noadrenaline and postganglionic parasympathetic fibre release ACh.
73
What are the two types of supporting CT?
Cartilage and Bone
74
What is the function of a peroxisome?
Breakdown of long chained fatty acids
75
What are microfilaments composed of?
Actin
76
What is the function of lysosomes?
Breakdown of waste materials
77
How does myalination of an axon helps with the tranmission of the signal.
1. Myalination of axon using a schwan cell of oligodendrocyte creates node of Ranvier
2. Such nodes contain high concentration of voltage gated Na+ channels
3. By using only the nodes of Ranvier instead of the whole length of an axon, the time travelled by the electrical signal is reduced
78
What does muscle force depend on?
1. Neural factors
2. Muscular factors
79
How do prokaryotes reproduce?
Through binary fission
80
What is a sarcomere?
It is one functional unit of skeletal muscle
81
What do cells in the salivary ducts do?
They modify saliva by secreting ions, protein and urea wich causes the saliva to become hypotonic
82
Where are the three cell cycle checkpoint situated?
1.G1 prior to S phase 2. G2 prior to M phase 3. M phase prior to the end of mitosis
83
What is metaplasia?
It is a reversible change in epithelium type due to changes in the environment
84
What is the function of mitochondria?
Storing and synthesising ATP
85
What is a simple epithelium?
It is epithelium with only one layer
86
What viscocity saliva does sympathetic and parasympathetic produce?
1. Parasympathetic using ACh - low viscocity
2. Sympathetic using noradrenaline - high viscocity
87
What are the two types of skin?
Thin and thick skin
88
What is endoneurium?
It is the CT that surrounds each nerve fibre.
89
What is a pseudostratified epithelium?
It is the epithelium that looks like one cell lye but is actually 2 or more
90
What happens in the excretory duct?
Resorb Na+ secre K+ and mucous, further modiying slaiva
91
Briefly describe the histological feature of the junctional interface of the epithelium to the underlying tissue at this location.
The junction between the epithelium and the underlying tissue is papill like. This increases the the rate of exchange between the two layers. And anchors the epithelium to the underlying connective tissue
92
What occurs at stratum basale?
Desmosomes and basal keratinocytes.
93
What is collagen?
It is a family of proteins that are present in CT
94
What are the two main types of epithelium?
Surface and glandular
95
What are the three major salivary glands?
1. Parotid
2. Submandibular
3. Sublingual
96
What type of collagen does hyaline cartilage consist of?
Collagen type II
97
What is the name of the lightest band of the
I band
98
What are the two types of bone?
Spongy and Compact
99
Wht does grey matter consist of?
Densley packaged neuronal cell bodies and their dendrites+ most glial cells
100
What is the function of golgi?
Modification, packaging and processing of proteins and secretory products.
101
How can we achieve randomisation?
By using an independent randomisation engine
102
What makes up the thick filaments?
Myosin
103
What are the three types of gingival epithelium?
1. Oral epithelium
2. Sulcular epitheliu - non-keratinised
3. Junctional epithelium
104
What is the significance of cytokinesis?
It is when cell undergoes cleavage and division of cytoplasm
105
What neuron is this?
Unipolar
106
What is an acinus?
It is the secretory unit of a gland
107
How do electrolytes cross epithelium?
1. Through cells via proteins
2. Between cells via tight junctions
108
What occurs at stratum spinosum?
Keratinisation occurs, cells flatten and begin to accumulate in keratin. Joined by desmosomes.
109
What are the two types of feedback loops?
Negative and positive
110
What does a 95% confidence interval mean?
We are 95% sure that the true mean lays between these two values
111
How does the epidermis receive nutrients?
There are blood vessels running parallel to the epidermis in the papillary layer of the dermis
112
Where can we find a sacrome?
The sacromere can be found between z lines
113
What is a synapse?
Specialised junction between nerve cells/effector cells
114
What are adrenergic fibres?
They are noradrenaline releasing fibres
115
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
Provide general structure and support
116
What are the benefits of having a papilla like epidermal-dermal junction?
1. Better anchoring 2. Better exchange of materials between the epidermis and dermis
117
Why is vitamin C important for production of collagen?
Collagen has high levels of proline and lysine amino acids that undergo modification in the RER. Vitamin C is required to modify these amino acids.
118
What are the functions of basal lamina?
1. Attachment of epithelium to underlying connective tissue 2. Acting as a semi-permeable filter 3. Inducing polarity
119
What is a allele?
It is a copy of a gene there are usually 2 alleles, one pternal and one maternal
120
What type of epithelium is skin?
Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
121
What is the function of the osteoblast?
To create boen
122
What is heterocromatin?
It is a tightly coiled, non-conducting regions. Stained darkly.
123
Describe the process of transcription?
1. DNA unwinds 2. mRNA creates a complimentary copy of one of the strands 3. mRNA is than spliced to remove introns 4. Mature mRNA than travels outside the nucleus
124
What type of epithelium is gingiva?
It is a stratified squamous parakeratinised epithelium
125
What is cell polarity?
It is spatial differences in shape, structures and functions of cells.
126
What is PICO?
Patient, intervention, comparison, outcome
127
What is the function of microfilaments?
Determine shape of cll and involved in muscle contraction
128
What is the function of RER?
Protein production
129
What are the three types of bone cells?
Osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclasts
130
What neuron is this?
Pseudounipolar
131
What is the composition of microtubules?
They are made out of tubulin
132
What are the cholinergic fibres?
They are ACh releasing fibres
133
What type of epithelium is at the hard palate?
Keratinised (parakeratinised) stratified squamous epithelium
134
What is stratified epithelium?
Epithelium with more than one layer
135
What happens in the striated duct?
Changes isotonic saliva into hypotonic saliva
136
What is the function of SER?
Synthesise lipids, phospholipids and steroids
