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Dentistry BDS1 Sem 1 > Biology of Cells > Flashcards

Biology of Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is a cell?

A

A basic unit of life.

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2
Q

What are the 2 divisions of cells?

A

Eukaryotes and prokaryotes

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3
Q

What is a typical prokaryote structure?

A

Cell capsule, cells wall, call membrane, flagella and pili

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4
Q

What is a structure of a nucleus?

A

Double membraned, pores, chromatin and nucleulous.

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5
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

Tightly bound chromatin that is electron dense, dark on ETM.

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6
Q

What is the role of the ribosome?

A

Essential for protein synthesis.

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7
Q

Is ribosome basophilic or acidophil?

A

Basophilic, thus stains dark purple.

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8
Q

What is the role of RER?

A

Protein synthesis.

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9
Q

What colour is stained RER?

A

Dark purple if there a lot of ribosomes bu usually no colour.

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10
Q

What is the function of SER?

A

Production of steroids.

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11
Q

What are some of the functions of the Golgi body?

A
  1. Modification of proteins
  2. Carbohydrate synthesis
  3. Packing of secretory products
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12
Q

What is the function of lysosomes?

A

Digestion

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13
Q

What is the function of peroxisomes?

A

Oxidative function

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14
Q

What are the functions of mitochondria?

A
  1. ATP conversion

2. ATP storage

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15
Q

What are the 5 distinct spaces of mitochondria?

A
  1. Outer mitochondrial membrane
  2. Intermembrane space
  3. Inner mitochondrial membrane
  4. Cristae space
  5. Matrix - space formed by the inner membrane
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16
Q

What are the three main types of fibres in the cytoskeleton?

A
  1. Microfilaments
  2. Intermediate filaments
  3. Microtubules
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17
Q

What are the common functions of cytoskeletal fibers?

A
  1. Hold cell shape

2. Cell movement and intercellular movement

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18
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin protein

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19
Q

What is the diameter of microfilaments?

A

5-7 nm diameter

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20
Q

What do microfilaments make up?

A

Microvilli

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21
Q

What are microtubules composed of?

A

Tubulin

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22
Q

What do microtubules form?

A

Centrioles and cilia

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23
Q

What are intermediate filaments composed of?

A

They are actually composed of different core proteins depending on their location in the body

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24
Q

What is the function of microvilli?

A

Increases surface area for greater absorbability

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25
What is the function of cilia?
Beat in unison and create currents
26
What is the function of tight junctions?
Seal neighboring cells together to prevent leakage
27
What is the function of adherens junctions?
Join an actin bundle in one cell to a similar bundle in a neighboring cell
28
What is the function of a desmosome?
Join the intermediate filaments in one cell to those in a neighbor.
29
What is the function of a gap junction?
Allow for passage of small water-soluble ions and molecules
30
What is the function of hemidesmosomes?
Anchor intermediate filaments in a cell to the basal lamina.
31
What are the two types of microscopy
1. Light microscopy | 2. Electron microscopy
32
What are the types of light microscopy?
1. Light 2. Phase contrast 3. Fluorescence 4. Polarising 5. Ultraviolet 6. Confocal scanning
33
What is the advantage of light microscopy?
Cheap and good for tissue study
34
What is the advantage of phase contrast microscopy?
You can look at life cells in culture
35
What is the advantage of polarising microscopy?
Foreign body reactions
36
What is the advantage of fluorescence microscopy?
Disease/autoimmune diagnostic
37
What does hematoxylin stain?
Nucleic acids
38
What does eosin stain?
Protein groups
39
What is cell polarity?
Essentially the distribution of organelles.
40
What types of the nucleus are there?
1. Spherical and ovoid nuclei 2. Lobed granulocyte 3. Lobed monocyte 4. Other
41
What model does the plasma membrane follow?
Fluid mosaic model
42
What are ion channels?
Ion channels are membrane-spanning protein which have a water-filled pore allowing the passage of ions into and out
43
What ion channels do we focus on?
1. K+ channels 2. Na+ channels 3. Ca2+ channels 4. Cl- channels
44
When do voltage-gated Kv channels close and open?
They close are rest and open in response to membrane depolarisation
45
What is the function of K "leak" channels?
They are active at rest and maintain negative resting membrane potential. They function to restore and maintain a resting state.
46
When do voltage-gated Na channels open?
In response to membrane depolarization, causing further membrane depolarisation.
47
When do voltage-gated Ca2+ channels open?
In response to membrane depolarisation, they contribute to action potentials in neurons and cardiac muscle.
48
What is facilitated diffusion?
It is diffusion that follows the concentration gradients.
49
What protein type can be used to facilitate facilitated diffusion?
Uniporter
50
What are primary active transport pumps?
They are pumps that can move the ions against the concentration gradient using ATP.
51
What are secondary active transporters?
They are pumps that use the concentration gradient of Na+ in order to move it and another substance together.
52
What are secondary active countertransporters?
Similar to secondary active transporters but the two substances move in opposite directions.
53
What does the ion movement across the plasma membrane depend on?
1. Concentration gradients | 2. Voltage gradients
54
How does Extracellular Na+ behave in terms of chemical and electrical gradients?
In both instances, extracellular Na+ is trying to move into the cell
55
How does Extracellular Ca2+ behave in terms of chemical and electrical gradients?
In both instances, extracellular Ca2+ is trying to move into the cell
56
How does Intracellular Cl- behave in terms of chemical and electrical gradient?
Electrically it wants to move out, while chemical it attracts more Cl- from extracellular space
57
How does Intercellular K+ behave in terms of chemical and electrical gradient?
Chemically it wants to move out, while electrically it attracts more K+ from extracellular space
58
Why do cells have a negative voltage on the intracellular side?
1. Asymmetric distribution of ions across the plasma membrane 2. Selective ion channels in the plasma membrane
59
What makes up actin?
Actin consists of globular subunits called G-actin.
60
When polymerized, what does G-actin create?
It creates a fibrous structure called F-actin
61
What makes up a microfilament?
It consists of two strands of F-actin coiled around each other.
62
What are some of the key roles of microfilaments?
1. Mobility of macrophages and neutrophils 2. Phagocytosis 3. Contraction of intestinal microvilli 4. Mitosis 5. Outgrowth of dendrites and axons in developing neuroblasts
63
What is a composition of an intermediate filament?
Many, location specific proteins
64
What is the structure of a monomer that makes up an intermediate filament?
1. Amino terminal begining 2. Helical rod domain 3. Carboxyl terminus
65
What is the function of intermediate filaments?
Providing supporting framework within the cell.
66
What are some cellular events involving microtubules?
1. Mitosis - pulling of chromosomes 2. Cilia and Flagella 3. Cell transport processes
67
What is a monomer of microtubules?
Tubulin
68
What is the function of fibronectin?
Glue cells to the fibrous meshwork of the extracellular matrix.

Dentistry BDS1 Sem 1 (15 decks)

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