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ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 > Tissues + Structures - Subcut Tissue, Raphes, Cartilages, Tendons, Ligaments. > Flashcards

Tissues + Structures - Subcut Tissue, Raphes, Cartilages, Tendons, Ligaments. Flashcards

1
Q

What is aerolar tissue?

A

Connective tissue which connects the skin to underlying structures.

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2
Q

What is the panniculus adiposus?

A

Blanket of fat beneath the skin.

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3
Q

What passes through the panniculus adiposus to get to the skin?

A
  1. Blood vessels.
  2. Nerves.
  3. Lymphatics.
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4
Q

What occurs in the panniculus adiposus?

A

Panniculus carnosus.

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5
Q

What is the panniculus carnosus?

A

Flat sheets of muscle.

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6
Q

What is the purpose of panniculus carnosus?

A

To allow for muscle fibre to be attached to skin and then also deep fascia or bone.

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7
Q

What areas is the panniculus carnosus well developed?

A
  1. Platysma muscle.
  2. Palmaris brevis (remnants).
  3. Corrugator cutis ani.
  4. Dartos sheet of scrotum.
  5. Subareolar muscle in nipple.
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8
Q

What makes up deep fascia?

A

Fibrous tissue.

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9
Q

What does deep fascia do?

A

Covers limbs and body wall.

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10
Q

Does the deep fascia vary in thickness?

A

Yes it does.
1. Fascia lata - very well developed.
2. Rectus sheath and external oblique aponeurosis - thin.
3. Face and ischioanal fossa - absent.

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11
Q

How does deep fascia connect to bone?

A

It never passes freely over bone but is always anchored firmly to the periosteum.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the deep fascia?

A

Attachment of the skin by way of fibrous strands in the subcutaneous tissue.

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13
Q

Where does deep fascia get its nerve supply from?

A

Overlying skin. Nerves to the muscles do not supply the investing layer of deep fascia.

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14
Q

What is a ligament?

A

Dense connective tissue (white fibrous tissue - mainly collagen) band that connects bone to bone.

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15
Q

What is a ligaments physical property?

A

Non-elastic and unstretchable.

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16
Q

What happens if the ligaments stretch too much?

A

Then mobility which was not previously possible can occur e.g. contortionists.

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17
Q

Why are ligaments arranged they are?

A

So that they are never subjected to prolonged strain. Except sacroiliac ligaments and intervertebral discs.

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18
Q

What is the second type of ligament?

A

Ligament made of elastic tissue that can regain its former length after stretching.

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19
Q

What is the colour of this 2nd ligament?

A

Yellow.

20
Q

Where can you find this 2nd type of ligament?

A
  1. Ligamenta flava - laminae of vertebrae.
  2. Ligaments of joints of the auditory ossicles.
21
Q

What do tendons do?

A

Attach muscle to bone.

22
Q

What shape can tendons have?

A
  1. Cylindrical.
  2. Flat.
23
Q

Where do tendons get their blood supply from?

A

Vessels which descend from muscle belly and anastomose with vessels coming from the periosteum at the bony attachment.

24
Q

What happens to blood supply in long tendons?

A

Intermediate vessels from a neighbouring artery will join the longitudinal anastomoses.

25
Q

What is a synovial sheath?

A

Sheath that covers a tendon, especially when the tendon loops or is a pulley.

26
Q

Where does the parietal layer of the sheath attach to?

A

Surrounding structures.

27
Q

Where does the visceral layer of the sheath attach to?

A

Tendon.

28
Q

What allows the two layers of the sheath to glide over each other?

A

Synovial fluid - secreted by lining cells of the sheath.

29
Q

Do the layers of the synovial sheath fully close up?

A

No - there is a space that allows for blood vessels to enter into the tendon. (Like a sausage in a bun).

30
Q

What is a raphe?

A

Interdigitation of the short tendinous ends of fibres of flat muscle sheets.

31
Q

What can raphe do?

A

They can elongate passively by separation of its attached ends.

32
Q

What is the purpose of a raphe?

A

To allow for stretch in places that need to be stretched e.g. mandible.

33
Q

What are examples of raphe?

A
  1. Pterygomandibular raphe.
  2. Mylohyoid.
  3. Pharyngeal.
  4. Anococcygeal.
34
Q

What is cartilage?

A

Dense connective tissue in which cells and fibres are embedded in a firm ground substance or matrix.

35
Q

What are the types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline.
  2. Fibrocartilage.
  3. Elastic.
36
Q

What does hyaline cartilage do?

A
  1. Cover the articular surfaces of typical synovial joints.
  2. Forms epiphyseal growth plates of growing bones.
37
Q

Describe the vascular nature of cartilage?

A

Cartialge is avascular for hyaline and elastic - capable of small amount of deformation. It has a certain resistance to fracture. Fibrocartilage has ordinary blood supply but is sparse due to metabolic rate being low.

38
Q

What happens when cartilage is damaged?

A

It is repaired by formation of fibrous tissue, not new cartilage.

39
Q

When can new cartilage be formed?

A

New cartialge can develop by the differentiation of osteochondrogenic cells.

40
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Cartilage that is similar to ligaments and tendons.

41
Q

What does fibrocartilage contain?

A

Small islands of cartilage cells and ground substance between the collage bundles.

42
Q

Where is cartilage found?

A
  1. Intervertebral discs.
  2. Labrum of shoulder and hip joints.
  3. Menisci of knee joint.
  4. Articular surfaces of clavicle and mandible.
  5. Attachment sites of tendons to bone epiphses - leave a smooth marking on bone.
43
Q

What happens to hyaline cartilage and fibrous cartilage with age?

A

Calcify and ossify.

44
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Ground substance that contains large numbers of elastic fibres.

45
Q

What is the purpose of elastic cartilage?

A

Cartilage that can be easily distorted and can easily spring back to original shape at reast.

46
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

A
  1. Epiglottis.
  2. Pinna.
  3. Auditory tube.
47
Q

Can elastic cartilage ossify or calcify?

A

No.

ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 (21 decks)

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