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ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 > Nervous System - Segmental Innervation of Muscles > Flashcards

Nervous System - Segmental Innervation of Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is a myotome?

A

Amount of muscle supplied by one segment of the spinal end.

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2
Q

How are most muscles supplied segmentally?

A

Equally from two adjacent segments - however, some are predominantly unisegmental (upper limb).

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3
Q

Describe muscles that share a common primary action?

A

Supplied by the same (normally two) segments, irrespective of their anatomical situation.

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4
Q

Describe muscles that have opposite actions?

A

They are supplied by the same segments and these usually run in numerical sequence with the former.

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5
Q

What happens for joints distal in limbs?

A

The spinal centre lies lower in the cord.

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6
Q

What happens with spinal centres?

A

They tend to occupy continuous segments in the cord - upper one or two segments Innervated one movement, and the lower one or two Innervated the opposite movement.

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7
Q

What is the spinal centre for the elbow?

A

C5-8:
- C5+6 supply the flexors.
- C7-8 supply the extensors.

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8
Q

What are the main flexors of the elbow?

A

Brachioradialis.
Brachial is.

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9
Q

What are the main extensors of the elbow?

A

Triceps.

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10
Q

What is the spinal centre of the hip?

A

L2-5:
- L2-3 = flexion (legs closer to anterior side of hip).
- L4-5 = extension (legs closer to posterior side of hip).

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11
Q

What muscles flex the hip?

A

Ilacus.

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12
Q

What is the spinal centre of the knee?

A

L3-5 and S1:
- L3-4 = extension (legs closer to anterior side of knee).
- L5-S1 = flexion (legs closer to posterior side of knee).

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13
Q

What is the spinal centre of the ankle?

A

L4-5 and S1-2:
- L4-5 = Dorsiflexion (foot goes up).
- S1-2 = Plantarflexion (foot goes down).

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14
Q

What muscle causes plantarflexion of the ankle?

A

Soleus.

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15
Q

What segments cause adduction (medial rotation - leg is out and comes in sideways)?

A

L2-3. Same as flexion.

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16
Q

What segments cause abduction (lateral rotation - leg goes out sideways)?

A

L4-5. Same as extension.

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17
Q

What is inversion of the foot?

A

Lateral malleolus goes down towards the ground and first big toe goes up.

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18
Q

What is eversion of the foot?

A

Lateral malleolus goes up towards the sky/medial goes down, and first big toe goes down.

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19
Q

What segment supplies inversion?

A

L4. Supplied by tibia is anterior and tibilalis posterior.

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20
Q

What segment supplies eversion?

A

L5-S1.

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21
Q

What are the segments of the bum?

A

L4-5 and S1-2.

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22
Q

What is the segment for the superior gluteal nerve?

A

L4-5 and S1.

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23
Q

What muscles does the superior gluteal nerve supply?

A

Glutei medius, glutei minimus, tensor fasciae latae.

24
Q

What is the segment for the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5 and S1-2.

25
Q

What muscles does the inferior gluteal nerve supply?

A

Gluteus maximus.

26
Q

What is the segment for the elbow?

A

C5-C8.

27
Q

What segment causes elbow flexion (hands to shoulder)?

A

C5-C6.

28
Q

What segment causes elbow extension (hands to body)?

A

C7-8.

29
Q

What segment causes abduction and lateral rotation of the shoulder?

A

C5.

30
Q

What segment causes adduction and medial rotation of the shoulder?

A

C6-8.

31
Q

What segment causes forearm pronation (palm turn to ground)?

A

C7-8.

32
Q

What segment causes forearm supination (palm turn upwards from ground)?

A

C6.

33
Q

What segment causes wrist flexion (wrist goes down)?

A

C6-7.

34
Q

What segment causes wrist extension (wrist goes up)?

A

C6-7.

35
Q

What segment causes finger and thumb (long tendons) flexion (fingers in)?

A

C7-8.

36
Q

What segment supplies the hand (intrinsic muscles)?

A

T1.

37
Q

How is the upper limb segments different to the lower limb segments?

A

The spinal centres in the upper limb have broken up into separate nuclei to control these precise movements.

38
Q

Where do the motor spinal centres for the joints of the limb lie?

A

Cell aggregates in the lateral parts of anterior grey horns in cervical and lumbar enlargements of the cord.

39
Q

What is the two most important information required with motor innervation?

A
  1. Segmental/root supplies.
  2. Peripheral nerve supplies.
40
Q

What does C4 supply segmentally?

A

Diaphragm - controls respiration.

41
Q

What does C5 supply segmentally?

A

Deltoid - abduction of the shoulder.

42
Q

What does C6 supply segmentally?

A

Biceps - flexion of the elbow. Biceps jerk.

43
Q

What does C7 supply segmentally?

A

Triceps - extension of the elbow. Triceps jerk.

44
Q

What does C8 supply segmentally?

A

Flexor digitorum profundus and extensor digitorum - finger flexion and extension.

45
Q

What does T1 supply segmentally?

A

Abductor policis brevis (small hand muscles) - abduction of the thumb.

46
Q

What does T7-12 supply segmentally?

A

Anterior abdominal wall muscles. Abdominal reflex.

47
Q

What does L1 supply segmentally?

A

Lowest fibres of internal oblique and trans versus - guarding the inguinal canal.

48
Q

What does L2 supply segmentally?

A

Psoas major - flexion of the hip.

49
Q

What does L3 supply segmentally?

A

Quadriceps femoris - extension of the knee. Knee jerk.

50
Q

What does L4 supply segmentally?

A

Tibialis anterior and posterior - inversion of the foot.

51
Q

What does L5 supply segmentally?

A

Extensor hallucinations Lingus and perineal muscles - extension of the great toe and eversion of the foot.

52
Q

What does S1 supply segmentally?

A

Gastrocnemius - plantarflexion of the foot (ankle jerk).

53
Q

What does S2 supply segmentally?

A

Small muscles of the foot.

54
Q

What does S3 supply segmentally?

A

Perineal muscles - bladder (parasympathetic), anal reflex, bulbocarvernosus reflex.

55
Q

What does root injury entail?

A

From the side of the spinal cord to the intervertebral foramen, or the roots of the plexuses.

ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 (21 decks)

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