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ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 > Tissues + Structures - Bones > Flashcards

Tissues + Structures - Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What is bone?

A

Type of dense connective tissue with cells and fibres embedded in a calcified ground substance (bone matrix).

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2
Q

How do cells of bone receive nutrition?

A

Minute channels have been developed in bone matrix so that each osteocyte (bone cell) can receive nutritive substances.

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3
Q

What are bone canaliculi?

A

Microscopic canals between the lacunae of ossfied bone - osteocytes project into these canals.

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4
Q

What is a haversian canal?

A

Larger canal inside osteocyte in which canaliculi communicate to.

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5
Q

What happens during bone development?

A

Matrix is laid down in concentric layers (lamellae) around the capillaries.

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6
Q

What are volkmann’s canals?

A

Channels that run at right angles to the haversian canals and contain anastomosing vessels between haversian capillaries.

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7
Q

What are the two macroscopic forms of bone?

A
  1. Compact.
  2. Cancellous.
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8
Q

What is compact bone?

A

Hard and dense bone. Resembles ivory. True ivory is dentine.

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9
Q

What is cancellous bone?

A

Sponge-work of traveculae that is arranged in a real pattern best adapted to resist the local strains and stresses.

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10
Q

What is the moulding of bone?

A

Resorption of existing bone by phagocytic osteoclasts and deposition of new bone by osteoblasts.

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11
Q

Is there microscopic difference between the two types of bone?

A

No difference.

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12
Q

What type are long bones?

A

Cancellous - spongy.

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13
Q

What do cancellous bones contain?

A

Marrow - red or yellow.

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14
Q

What sort of marrow do we have at birth?

A

Predominantly red marrow - active haemopoiesis. As we get older red marrow is replaced by fatty yellow marrow (red marrow atrophies).

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15
Q

Where is red marrow found in adults?

A

Axial bones.

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16
Q

Where is yellow marrow found in adults?

A

Limb bones.

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17
Q

What is periosteum?

A

Thick layer of fibrous tissue that covers the outer layer of bone particularly where the blood vessels run.

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18
Q

Is the periosteum osteogenic?

A

Yes - the periosteum can basically create new bone. Its deeper cells can differentiate into osteoblasts when required.

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19
Q

What is the deeper layer of periosteum known as?

A

Osteogenic layer.

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20
Q

Where does new bone occur?

A

Under the periosteum.

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21
Q

How does periosteum connect to underlying bone?

A

Sharpey’s fibres.

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22
Q

Where will you see sharpey’s fibres strongly?

A

Over the attachments of tendons and ligaments.

23
Q

Where does perisotuem not cover?

A

Articulating surfaces of the bones in synovial joints - it is reflected from the articular marjins to join the capsule of the joint.

24
Q

What is endosteum?

A

Single-layer that lines inner bone surfaces (marrow cavity and vascular canals).

25
Q

What does endosteum do?

A

Endosteum is osteogenic and is the main contributor to making new bones.

26
Q

What are osteogenic cells also known as?

A

Osteochondrogenic.

27
Q

What is the difference between osteogenic and osteochondrogenic?

A
  1. Osteogenic = cells seen in well vascularised bone.
  2. Osteochondrogenic = cells seen in avascularised bone, they don’t produce new bone but produce hyaline cartilage.
28
Q

What is the fracture callus?

A

Fracture site + mass of inflammatory tissue and bone forming cells.

29
Q

What nerves supply subcutaneous periosteum?

A

Nerves of overlying skin.

30
Q

What nerves supply deeper periosteum layers?

A

Motor branches to nearby muscles.

31
Q

What is the arterial supply of the shafts of the long bone?

A

Branches from the periosteum, especially numerous beneath muscular and ligamentous attachments.

32
Q

What supplies the epiphysis?

A

Circulus vasculosus of the joint.

33
Q

What are veins like in cancellous red marrow bones?

A

Large.

34
Q

What are veins like in compact bone?

A

They run with the arteries in volkmann’s canal.

35
Q

How does bone develop?

A

Two processes:
1. Intramembranous ossification.
2. Endochondral ossification - cartilage.

36
Q

Where does each ossification occur?

A
  1. Intramembranous - bones of the vault of the skull, face, clavicle.
  2. Endochondral - long bones of the skeleton.
37
Q

What happens in intramembranous ossification?

A

Osteoblasts lay down bone in fibrous tissue. No cartialge precursor. Growth of thickness of other bones (subperiosteal ossification) is also by intramembranous ossification.

38
Q

What happens in endochondral ossification?

A

Pre existing hyaline cartilage of model is destroyed AND replaced by bone.

39
Q

In endochondral ossification what cells destroy bone?

A

Osteoclasts.

40
Q

In endochondral ossification what cells replace bone?

A

Osteoblasts.

41
Q

When does endochondral ossification occur?

A

During years of growth - constant. It occurs even if the original bone was made endochondral or intramembranous. It also occurs in the callus of fracture sites.

42
Q

What is the primary centre of ossification?

A

The site where bone first forms.

43
Q

Where is the primary centre of ossification in long bones?

A

Centre of the shaft = diaphysis.

44
Q

When does the diaphysis first occur?

A

8th week of pregnancy (intra-uterine life).

45
Q

What are the end of the bones called?

A

Epiphyses.

46
Q

What happens to the epiphyses (end of the bones) in terms of ossification?

A

They are cartilaginous and start the process of ossification much later, normally after birth. Hence why you can still see epiphyseal plate of cartilage in XRAYS.

47
Q

What is secondary cartilage?

A

Cartilage that develops in certain membrane bones e.g. head of mandible and ends of clavicle. They are ossified in membrane.

48
Q

What covers the articular surfaces of membrane bones?

A

Fibrocartilgae - identical with the intra-articular disc in structure. Between these bundles of tissue are many cells.

49
Q

What is the difference between sencondary cartilage and hyaline cartilage?

A

The cells in secondary cartilage are larger and more tightly packed and the matrix is more fibrous.

50
Q

What is the purpose of secondary cartilage?

A

To provide a cartilage surface for membrane bones that would otherwise not have any cartilaginous ends.

51
Q

What is a sesamoid bone?

A

Bone that is small and is embedded with a tenon or muscle.

52
Q

Where do you find sesamoid bones?

A

Certain tendons where they glide over adjacent bone e.g. patella, tendons of flexor pollicis brevis in hand and feet.

53
Q

What are the type of sesamoid bones?

A
  1. Fibrous.
  2. Cartilaginous.
  3. Bony nodules.
  4. Mixture of the above.
54
Q

What is the purpose of sesamoid bones?

A

No reason.

ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 (21 decks)

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