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ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 > Nervous System - Neurons and Nerves > Flashcards

Nervous System - Neurons and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the nervous system divided into

A
  1. Central nervous system.
  2. Peripheral nervous system.
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2
Q

What does the central nervous system consist of?

A
  1. Brain.
  2. Spinal cord (spinal medulla).
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3
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system consist of?

A
  1. Cranial nerves.
  2. Spinal nerves.
  3. Associated ganglia.
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4
Q

What does both central and peripheral nervous system have?

A

Two parts:
1. Somatic.
2. Autonomic.

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5
Q

What is somatic concerned with?

A

Innervation of skeletal muscle (along efferent pathways) and the transmission of sensory information (along afferent pathways).

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6
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system concerned with?

A

Control of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands (involving afferent and efferent pathways.

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7
Q

What is the functional and structural unit of the nervous system called?

A

Nerve cell or neutron.

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8
Q

What does a neutron consist of?

A
  1. Cell body - contains nucleus.
  2. Nerve fibres - processes (i.e. axon/dendrite).
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9
Q

What is an axon?

A

Single cytoplasmic process. Long.

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10
Q

How does the axon conduct nerve impulses?

A

Away from the cell body, it can also give off collaterals.

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11
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Multiple cytoplasmic processes. Short.

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12
Q

What do dendrites do?

A

Expand the surface area of the cell body for the reception of stimuli.

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13
Q

What are synapses?

A

Sites on the cell body or its processes where chemical transmitters can enable nerve impulses to be handed on from one neuron to another.

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14
Q

What are neuroendocrine cells?

A

Classical neurotransmitters that have endocrine functions as well and can be found in other areas to the nervous system.

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15
Q

What is a diffuse neuroendocrine system?

A
  1. Neuroendocrine cells.
  2. Neuromediators.
  3. APUD cells (amine precursor uptake and decarboxylation).
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16
Q

What do cell bodies with similar tendencies do?

A

Group themselves together, forming nuclei within the CNS and ganglia outside it.

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17
Q

What are tracts?

A

Processes run together in bundles in the central nervous system.

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18
Q

What are nerves?

A

Processes that run together outside the brain and spinal cord.

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19
Q

What are neuroglia cells?

A

Other cells in the nervous system that have other functions but do not function and have the excitability oor conductivity possessed by neurone.

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20
Q

What are the types of neuroglia cells?

A
  1. Astrocytes.
  2. Oligodendrocytes.
  3. Microglial cells.
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21
Q

Where do atrocities and oligodendrocytes develop from?

A

Ectoderm from the neural tube.

22
Q

What does the microglial cell do?

A

Phagocytic cell of the nervous system.

23
Q

Where do microglial cells develop from?

A

Mesoderm.

24
Q

Where do satellite cells of ganglia in the CNS develop from?

A

Ectoderm of the neural tube.

25
Q

Where do Schwann cells of the PNS develop from?

A

Ectoderm of the neural tube.

26
Q

What can nerve fibres be?

A
  1. Myelinated.
  2. Unmyelinated.
27
Q

Where is myelin formed in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes.

28
Q

Where is myelin formed in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells - neurolemmocytes.

29
Q

What are nodes of ranvier?

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath

30
Q

What does white matter of the nervous system consist of?

A

Nerve fibres.

31
Q

What does grey matter of the nervous system consist of?

A

Cell bodies.

32
Q

How many spinal nerves are there?

A

31.

33
Q

What are the spinal nerves?

A
  1. Cervical - 8.
  2. Thoracic - 12.
  3. Lumbar - 5.
  4. Sacral - 5.
  5. Coccygeal - 1.
34
Q

What are the groups of nerve fibres?

A
  1. Group A - up to 20micro meters in diameter.
  2. Group B - up to 3 micro meters in diameter.
  3. Group C - up to 2 micro meters in diameter.
35
Q

What are the subtypes of group A nerve fibres?

A
  1. Alpha - 12-20 micro meters - moto and proprioception (Ia and Ib).
  2. Beta - 5-12 micro meters - touch, pressure, proprioception (II).
  3. Gamma - 5-12 micro meters - fusimotor to muscle spindles (II).
  4. Delta - 1-15 micro meters - touch, pain and temperature (III).
36
Q

Describe group b nerve fibres?

A
  • Up to 3 micrometers in diameter.
  • Myelinated.
  • Pre-ganglionic autonomic.
37
Q

Describe group c nerve fibres?

A
  • Up to 2 micrometers in diameter.
  • unmyelinated.
  • Post-ganglionic autonomic, touch and pain.
38
Q

Where is each spinal nerve formed?

A

Union of anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) root. These emerge from the side of the spinal cord.

39
Q

Where does the union of anterior and posterior root occur?

A

Within the intervertebral foramen of the appropriate nerve, it occurs immediately distal to the swelling on the posterior root - indicates site of posterior root ganglion (also within the foramen).

40
Q

What does the anterior root contain?

A

Efferent motor fibres for skeletal muscle. Also contains small number of unmyelinated affrenet pain fibres (started in posterior root and go into anterior root).

41
Q

What does the posterior root contain?

A

Afferent sensory fibres, the cell bodies are in the posterior root ganglion. No synapses in these ganglia.

42
Q

What does the spinal nerve divide into?

A
  1. Anterior ramus.
  2. Posterior ramus.
43
Q

What does the anterior ramus form?

A

The great nerve plexuses;
1. Cervical.
2. Brachial.
3. Lumbar.
4. Sacral.

44
Q

What binds the individual fibres (spinal nerve) together to form one nerve?

A

Connective tissue.

45
Q

What surrounds the bundle of nerve fibres?

A

Perineurium - condensation of connective tissue. Except the small nerve vessels.

46
Q

What is the epineurium?

A

Looser tissue that binds the fascicles into a single nerve.

47
Q

What is the endometrium?

A

Fine fibrils that surround every single nerve fibre.

48
Q

What is the proportion of nerve to connective tissue?

A

In bigger nerve vessels the connective tissue is more than the nerve itself, whereas in smaller nerve fibres the amount of neural tissue is greater than CT.

49
Q

What is the arterial supply of peripheral nerve trunks in limbs?

A

Branches from local arteries.

50
Q

What nerves does the inferior gluteal artery supply?

A

Sciatic nerve.

51
Q

What nerve does the common interosseous arteries supply?

A

Median nerve.

ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 (21 decks)

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