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ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 > Embryology - Cardiac and Venous Development > Flashcards

Embryology - Cardiac and Venous Development Flashcards

1
Q

How are primitive blood vessels laid down?

A

By angioplasty on the wall of the yolk sac.

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2
Q

How is a single heart tube made?

A

By the fusion of two primitive blood vessels.

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3
Q

What makes the single heart tube pulsatile?

A

Muscle fibres are developed in the wall.

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4
Q

What does the single heart tube develop into?

A

Four parts or cavities.

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5
Q

What are the four parts of the heart tube?

A
  1. Bulb.
  2. Ventricle.
  3. Atrium.
  4. Sinus venosus.
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6
Q

Describe the rate of growth of the tube and the cavities in the heart?

A

The tube will grow at a greater rate than the cavity (primitive pericardium) in which it is suspended.

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7
Q

How does the tube lie/work?

A

It bends because it’s growing at a faster rate, and it bends in a way that the bulb and ventricle come to lie in front of the atrium and sinus venosus.

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8
Q

How else does the bulb move?

A

It twists to the right.

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9
Q

How does the ventricle move?

A

It goes to the left.

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10
Q

What is the upper part of the bulb?

A

Turn us arteriosus.

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11
Q

What does turn us arteriosus divide into?

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk.

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12
Q

What is the lower part of the bulb?

A

Majority of the right ventricle.

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13
Q

What does the original ventricle form?

A

The left ventricle.

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14
Q

What does the atrium form?

A

Two atria.

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15
Q

What happens to the sinus venosus?

A

It becomes mainly absorbed into the right atrium.

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16
Q

How is blood returned back to the sinus venosus?

A

From a network of primitive veins, certain longitudinal channels develop to return blood to the sinus venosus.

17
Q

What are the sources of blood that the sinus venosus receives?

A
  1. Placenta - by umbilical veins.
  2. Yolk sac (becomes alimentary canal) - by vitelline veins.
  3. General tissue of the embryo - cardinal veins.
18
Q

What are in each group of the three sources?

A
  1. Right vein.
  2. Left vein.
  3. Anastomosing cross-channels between each pair.
19
Q

What happens to each vein?

A

The whole or part of one longitudinal vein of each pair disappears:
1. Right umbilical.
2. Left vitelline.
3. Left cardinal.

20
Q

What happens to the umbilical vein pair?

A

The right umbilical vein disappears. The left umbilical vein joins the left branch of the portal vein.

21
Q

What happens to the blood once the umbilical vein joins the portal vein?

A

The blood short-circuits the liver by passing along a venous shunt - ductus venosus.

22
Q

Where does the ductus venosus join?

A

The end of the right vitelline vein on the cranial side of the liver.

23
Q

What happens to the left umbilical vein and ductus venosus after birth?

A

They become reduced to fibrous cords:
- Ligamentum there’s.
- Ligamenetum venosum.

24
Q

What happens to the vitelline veins?

A

These contribute to the portal vein and upper end of IVC.

25
Q

What veins form the anterior cardinal vein?

A

Internal jugular and subclavian vein unite.

26
Q

What veins form the posterior cardinal vein?

A

External and internal iliac veins unite.

27
Q

What drains into the posterior cardinal vein?

A

Segmental veins:
1. Intercostal.
2. Lumbar.

28
Q

What forms the common cardinal vein (the duct of Cuvier)?

A

Anterior and posterior cardinal veins.

29
Q

What does the right anterior cardinal vein in the thorax form?

A
  1. Right braciocephalic.
  2. SVC - as far as entry of azygos vein.
30
Q

What forms the azygos vein?

A

Right Posterior cardinal vein.

31
Q

What develops on the left side in the thorax?

A

Left hemiazygos system - this is to replace the vanished left posterior cardinal vein.

32
Q

What happens in the abdomen to the posterior cardinal veins?

A

Longitudinal channels appear both medically (subcardinal) and dorsally (supracardinally) to the original posterior cardinal.

33
Q

What is formed from the posterior cardinal veins?

A

Inferior vena cava.

34
Q

What structures are anterior to the common iliac veins?

A

Arteries.

35
Q

What structures are posterior to the renal veins?

A

Renal arteries.

36
Q

Why are the renal arteries posterior to renal veins?

A

Due to venous development from dorsal or ventral channels. The iliacs are from dorsal, rentals are from ventral.

37
Q

What are the positions of the IVC?

A

Lower part - left sided.
Upper part - right of the aorta.

38
Q

What does the lower part of the IVC join?

A

Left renal vein.

ANATOMY - CHAPTER 1 (21 decks)

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