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HES 101 > Tissues of the body (epithelial) > Flashcards

Tissues of the body (epithelial) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 tissue types of the body

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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2
Q

What are tissues made up of?

A

Cells that are related in structure and function and an extracellular matrix (ECM)- the surrounding material made up of different substances

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3
Q

What is the ECM made up of?

A

Made up of substances in liquid, thick gel, or solid form that surrounds cells of a tissue.

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4
Q

What are the 3 functions of ECM

A
  1. provides tissue strength to resist tensile (stretching) and compressive forces
  2. Direct cells to proper positions within tissues, holds cell in place.
  3. Supports proper function and survival of cells
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5
Q

What are the 2 main components of ECM

A

Ground substances and protein fibres

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6
Q

What are the two main parts of Ground Substances

A
  1. Glycosaminoglycans
  2. Proteoglycans
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7
Q

What are Cell- adhesion molecules

A

type of glycoprotein that adhere the cell to other cells and the ECM

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8
Q

What are protein fibres. What do they look like and what do they provide

A

Large polypeptides that are embedded within the ground substance. They are a rope like structure and provide tensile strength

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of protein fibres?

A
  1. Collagen fibers
  2. Elastin fibers
  3. Reticular fibers
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10
Q

What do collagen fibers do?

A

resist tension and pressure

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11
Q

what do elastin fibers do?

A

allow stretch and elastic recoil

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12
Q

what do reticular fibers do?

A

small collagen fibers that form a scaffold to structurally support cells and ground substances

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13
Q

When cells attatch, what are the 3 ways they can?

A
  1. Tight junctions
  2. Desmosomes
  3. Gap junctions
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14
Q

How do tight junctions work

A

” sewing” 2 cells together. Things cannot pass through

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15
Q

How do Desmosomes work

A

“Linkers” they help promote integrity of tissue. They are loosely connected and small molecules can diffuse through cells.

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16
Q

How do gap junctions work?

A

“tunnel” they make a tunnel between 2 cells. They share intercellular fluid. Fluid and ions can pass through

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17
Q

What is epithelial tissue made of

A

mainly made up of cells with little ECM.

18
Q

What is the ECM called?

A

Called the basement membrane as it is a thin layer beneath the layer of cells.

19
Q

What are the 2 components of the basement membrane and what do they consist of?

A

Basal Lamina- collagen fibers and ground substances
Reticular lamina- reticular fibers and ground substances

20
Q

are epithelial cells linked together by tight junctions, desmosomes, or gap junctions. Pick 2

A

Tight junctions and desmosomes

21
Q

What are the roles of epithelial tissues in the body

A

Protection- physcial barrier to shield tissues from thermal, mechanical injury
Immune defence- physical barrier prevents invasion by microorganisms
Secretion- some ephithelial tissues form glands
Transport of substances between tissues
sensation- nerves embedded within the tissue.

22
Q

what are the two classifications of number of cell layers

A

Simple- single cell layer
Stratified- more than 1 cell layer

23
Q

The shape of the epithelial cell can be divided into 3 classifications. What are those?

A

Squamous- flattened cells
Cuboidal- short
columnar- tall and elongated

24
Q

what are the 2 different types of ephithelial tissue

A
  1. Covering and lining epithelial
  2. Glandular ephithelial
25
Q

What does covering and lining epithelial do?

A

Covers every internal and external body surface, line organ and fluid filled cavities

26
Q

what does glandular ephithelial do?

A

tissues that produce and secrete product.

27
Q

what are the 2 types of glanular ephithelial glands?

A

Exocrine glands- secrete substances into a duct that is lined with ephithelial cells. (local effects)
Endocrine- made up of specialized epithelial cells that secret hormones into the bloodstream. (distant effects)

28
Q

what are the four types of simple epithelia

A
  1. simple squamous epithelium
  2. simple cuboidal ephitheliam
  3. simple columnar epithelium
  4. pseudostatified columnar epithelium
29
Q

What is simple squamous epithelium

A

very thin layer of cells (fried egg appearance). They allow rapid diffusion of substances (oxygen, carbon dioxide, fluids, and ions)

30
Q

what is simple cuboidal ephitheliam

A

Single layer of cube shaped cells with large central nucelus. Thin enough for rapid substance diffusion

31
Q

what is simple columnar epithelium

A

single layer of rectangular shaped cells with nuclei in basal portion of cell. Often microvilli or cilia on apical plasma membrane

32
Q

what is pseudostatified columnar epithelium

A

appears layered because nuclei are at various heights. Only one cell layer thick with basal plasma membranes firmly in contact with basement membrane. In segments of respitory tract and nasal cavity.

33
Q

what are the 2 routes of transport across epithelia

A
  1. paracellular transport
  2. Transcellular transport
34
Q

what is paracellular transport

A

substance passes through the narrow space between cells

35
Q

what is Transcellular transport

A

substances enters the cell via active or passive means. Substance diffuses through the cytosol, substances exits the other surface of the cell via active or passive means.

36
Q

what are the four types of stratified epithelia?

A
  1. stratified squamous
  2. stratified cuboidal
  3. stratified columnar
    4.transitional
37
Q

what is stratified squamous

A

Kertainized stratified squamous- no nuclei. Filled with protein keratin which is tough
Nonkertatinized stratified squamous- outer layer has nuclei. protection from mechanical stresses. Found in mouth, throat, esophagus.

38
Q

what is stratified cuboidal

A

lines the ducts of sweat glands

39
Q

what is stratified columnar

A

apicial layer columnar- basal layer more cuboidal. Function: protection, some absorption, secretion. Found in male uretha, cornea of eye, ducts of certain glands

40
Q

what is transitional epitheliam

A

cuboidsal basal cell layers and dome shaped apical cell layers when tissue is relaxed. Cell on the apical end can flatten to allow tissue to stretch. Found only in urinary system

41
Q
A

HES 101 (12 decks)

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